Improvement after a supplement is not the same as a comparative result
Start with the comparison. A before-and-after change alone cannot isolate the contribution of an ingredient.
Whey Protein
Exercise performance
Partial research summary
Studies with an unspecified organism reported between-group improvement in lean mass.
Single-ingredient studies · Population not specified · between-group comparison · comparator not confirmed
Publications for this result: 2 (1 awaiting review included)
Other outcomes and study details
Distinct publications linked to this topic: 25
- Study conditions differ; results are shown descriptively and are not pooled.
- Some publications have not cleared source or interpretation review.
- Some papers could not be reviewed, so this summary covers only findings that could be confirmed.
What has been studied?
Distinct human comparison papers: 3
electronic Short Physical Performance Battery (eSPPB) score
Other human research, including observational studies and reviews
- A change was reported, but the comparison could not be confirmed.Single ingredient
Measurement and study conditions
- Controlled human study
- Randomized trial
- Single ingredient
- Unspecified population
- Outcome role not specified
- Timepoint: unspecified
- Study comparison: unspecified
Handgrip strength
- Comparison result:A better result than the comparison group was reported.Single ingredient
Measurement and study conditions
- Controlled human study
- Randomized trial
- Single ingredient
- Unspecified population
- Outcome role not specified
- Between-group comparison
- Timepoint: unspecified
- Study comparison: unspecified
lean mass
Research with unclear study subject or type
- The study reported improvement in this measurement.Single ingredient
Measurement and study conditions
- Meta-analysis
- Meta-analysis
- Single ingredient
- Unspecified population
- Outcome role not specified
- Between-group comparison
- Study subject not identified
- Timepoint: unspecified
- Study comparison: unspecified
muscle mass increase
- Comparison result:A better result than the comparison group was reported.Single ingredient
Measurement and study conditions
- Controlled human study
- Randomized trial
- Single ingredient
- Unspecified population
- Outcome role not specified
- Between-group comparison
- Timepoint: unspecified
- Study comparison: unspecified
Other measured outcomes (3)
muscular strength
Research with unclear study subject or type
- The study reported improvement in this measurement.Single ingredient
Measurement and study conditions
- Meta-analysis
- Meta-analysis
- Single ingredient
- Unspecified population
- Outcome role not specified
- Between-group comparison
- Study subject not identified
- Timepoint: unspecified
- Study comparison: unspecified
skeletal muscle mass index
Other human research, including observational studies and reviews
- A change was reported, but the comparison could not be confirmed.Single ingredient
Measurement and study conditions
- Controlled human study
- Randomized trial
- Single ingredient
- Unspecified population
- Outcome role not specified
- Timepoint: unspecified
- Study comparison: unspecified
SMM
- Comparison result:A better result than the comparison group was reported.General population · Single ingredient · 12 weeks
Measurement and study conditions
- Controlled human study
- Randomized trial
- Single ingredient
- General population
- Biomarker
- Between-group comparison
- Timepoint: 12 weeks
- Study comparison: whey protein pre/post resistance training versus placebo around same training
This result is held for interpretation. That does not mean research found no effect.
Outcome groups needing additional review (7)
- gait speed · Distinct papers needing additional review: 1Evidence criteria check: 1
- Gel Strength · Distinct papers needing additional review: 1Direction unclear: 1
- Growth performance · Distinct papers needing additional review: 1Evidence criteria check: 1
- isometric knee extension strength · Distinct papers needing additional review: 1Evidence criteria check: 1
- knee extension strength · Distinct papers needing additional review: 1Evidence criteria check: 1
- lower body strength · Distinct papers needing additional review: 1Evidence criteria check: 1
- MPS · Distinct papers needing additional review: 1Evidence criteria check: 1
One paper can appear under multiple measured outcomes or review reasons, so these counts should not be added together.
Research topics to explore
Research topics to explore
Review findings reported in each research area.
Topics with more linked papers appear first.
- View selected result
Exercise performance
Related papers 25 · human comparison papers 3
- View results
Glucose and metabolic health
Related papers 9 · comparison findings need further review
- Body Weight · Comparison details unconfirmed
- fat mass · Finding details are limited
More outcome groups: 2
- View results
Bone, joint, and mobility
Related papers 2 · human comparison papers 1
- BMD at lumbar spine · Improvement reported · Some studies used more than one ingredient · Some studies included patients or people with a deficiency
- total hip · Improvement reported · Some studies used more than one ingredient · Some studies included patients or people with a deficiency
- View results
Blood lipids
Related papers 1 · comparison findings need further review
- LDL-cholesterol · Interpretation held
- Total cholesterol · Interpretation held
More outcome groups: 1
- View results
Blood pressure and vascular health
Related papers 1 · comparison findings need further review
- Systolic blood pressure · Some studies included patients or people with a deficiency · Comparison details unconfirmed
- View results
Fatigue and energy
Related papers 1 · comparison findings need further review
- View results
Nutrient status
Related papers 1 · comparison findings need further review
- bioavailability of vitamin E · Interpretation held
Data coverage and detailed study classifications
Paper counts are separated by research topic below. One paper may contribute to multiple findings.
Analysis status: Public-ready
Ingredient analysis date:
How the grade was determined: B
The 60.9 evidence score includes 5 independent human studies and 5 clinical studies in the representative benefit area. The B tier remains conservative because of limited repetition across independent human clinical studies, a meaningful share of null findings in the same benefit area.
The grade is based mainly on the research area with the most evidence. It does not mean the same result was found in other areas.
Papers linked to this ingredient overall: 104
Papers linked to this topic 25 · distinct papers 25 · papers with a confirmed human comparison 3 · papers needing additional review 19
Ingredient-wide papers, topic-linked papers, and sources in outcome groups use different scopes. Adding source counts may count the same paper more than once.
- electronic Short Physical Performance Battery (eSPPB) score: Sources represented in this measurement group: 1 · Distinct papers with human comparisons for this outcome: 0
- gait speed: Sources represented in this measurement group: 1 · Distinct papers with human comparisons for this outcome: 0
- Gel Strength: Sources represented in this measurement group: 1 · Distinct papers with human comparisons for this outcome: 0
- Growth performance: Sources represented in this measurement group: 1 · Distinct papers with human comparisons for this outcome: 0
- Handgrip strength: Sources represented in this measurement group: 1 · Distinct papers with human comparisons for this outcome: 1
- isometric knee extension strength: Sources represented in this measurement group: 1 · Distinct papers with human comparisons for this outcome: 0
- knee extension strength: Sources represented in this measurement group: 1 · Distinct papers with human comparisons for this outcome: 0
- lean mass: Sources represented in this measurement group: 2 · Distinct papers with human comparisons for this outcome: 0
- lower body strength: Sources represented in this measurement group: 1 · Distinct papers with human comparisons for this outcome: 0
- MPS: Sources represented in this measurement group: 1 · Distinct papers with human comparisons for this outcome: 0
- muscle mass increase: Sources represented in this measurement group: 1 · Distinct papers with human comparisons for this outcome: 1
- muscular strength: Sources represented in this measurement group: 1 · Distinct papers with human comparisons for this outcome: 0
- skeletal muscle mass index: Sources represented in this measurement group: 1 · Distinct papers with human comparisons for this outcome: 0
- SMM: Sources represented in this measurement group: 1 · Distinct papers with human comparisons for this outcome: 1
Exercise performance
What the research found
Handgrip strength
The study reported improvement in this measurement.
Controlled study in people · Single ingredient · Unspecified population
Between-group comparison
Analysis coverage and paper counts
1 paper · 1 measured outcome
Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.
muscle mass increase
The study reported improvement in this measurement.
Controlled study in people · Single ingredient · Unspecified population
Between-group comparison
Analysis coverage and paper counts
1 paper · 1 measured outcome
Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.
SMM
The study reported improvement in this measurement.
Controlled study in people · Single ingredient · General population
Between-group comparison
Analysis coverage and paper counts
1 paper · 1 measured outcome
Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.
lean mass
The study reported improvement in this measurement.
Meta-analysis · Single ingredient · Unspecified population
Between-group comparison
Analysis coverage and paper counts
1 paper · 1 measured outcome
Review overlap with primary papers is unknown; counts stay separate.
Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.
muscular strength
The study reported improvement in this measurement.
Meta-analysis · Single ingredient · Unspecified population
Between-group comparison
Analysis coverage and paper counts
1 paper · 1 measured outcome
Review overlap with primary papers is unknown; counts stay separate.
Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.
electronic Short Physical Performance Battery (eSPPB) score
A change was reported, but the comparison could not be confirmed.
Controlled study in people · Single ingredient · Unspecified population
Analysis coverage and paper counts
1 paper · 1 measured outcome
Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.
skeletal muscle mass index
A change was reported, but the comparison could not be confirmed.
Controlled study in people · Single ingredient · Unspecified population
Analysis coverage and paper counts
1 paper · 1 measured outcome
Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.
gait speed
The study needs further checking before its result can be interpreted.
Controlled study in people · Ingredient combination · Patient group
Several ingredients were used together. This does not establish the effect of this ingredient alone or synergy.
Between-group comparison
Analysis coverage and paper counts
1 paper · 1 measured outcome
1 papers held from direction counts
Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.
Gel Strength
The study needs further checking before its result can be interpreted.
Other evidence · Single ingredient · Unspecified population
The comparison could not be confirmed.
Analysis coverage and paper counts
1 paper · 1 measured outcome
1 papers held from direction counts
Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.
Growth performance
The study needs further checking before its result can be interpreted.
Animal study · indirect · Single ingredient · Unspecified population
This finding comes from animal or cell research. It does not establish the same effect in people.
The comparison could not be confirmed.
Analysis coverage and paper counts
1 paper · 1 measured outcome
1 papers held from direction counts
Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.
isometric knee extension strength
The study needs further checking before its result can be interpreted.
Controlled study in people · Single ingredient · General population
Between-group comparison
Analysis coverage and paper counts
1 paper · 1 measured outcome
1 papers held from direction counts
Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.
knee extension strength
The study needs further checking before its result can be interpreted.
Controlled study in people · Single ingredient · Patient group
Between-group comparison
Analysis coverage and paper counts
1 paper · 1 measured outcome
1 papers held from direction counts
Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.
lean mass
The study needs further checking before its result can be interpreted.
Meta-analysis · Single ingredient · General population
The comparison could not be confirmed.
Analysis coverage and paper counts
1 paper · 1 measured outcome
1 papers held from direction counts
Review overlap with primary papers is unknown; counts stay separate.
Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.
lower body strength
The study needs further checking before its result can be interpreted.
Meta-analysis · Single ingredient · General population
Between-group comparison
Analysis coverage and paper counts
1 paper · 1 measured outcome
1 papers held from direction counts
Review overlap with primary papers is unknown; counts stay separate.
Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.
MPS
The study needs further checking before its result can be interpreted.
Controlled study in people · Unknown intervention · General population
The comparison could not be confirmed.
Analysis coverage and paper counts
1 paper · 1 measured outcome
1 papers held from direction counts
Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.
Unspecified measured outcome
The study needs further checking before its result can be interpreted.
Controlled study in people · Ingredient combination · Patient group
Several ingredients were used together. This does not establish the effect of this ingredient alone or synergy.
The comparison could not be confirmed.
Analysis coverage and paper counts
1 paper · 1 measured outcome
1 papers held from direction counts
Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.
Unspecified measured outcome
The study needs further checking before its result can be interpreted.
Controlled study in people · Ingredient combination · Unspecified population
Several ingredients were used together. This does not establish the effect of this ingredient alone or synergy.
The comparison could not be confirmed.
Analysis coverage and paper counts
2 papers · 2 measured outcomes
2 papers held from direction counts
Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.
Unspecified measured outcome
The study needs further checking before its result can be interpreted.
Controlled study in people · Single ingredient · Patient group
The comparison could not be confirmed.
Analysis coverage and paper counts
1 paper · 1 measured outcome
1 papers held from direction counts
Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.
Unspecified measured outcome
The study needs further checking before its result can be interpreted.
Controlled study in people · Single ingredient · Unspecified population
The comparison could not be confirmed.
Analysis coverage and paper counts
4 papers · 4 measured outcomes
4 papers held from direction counts
Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.
Unspecified measured outcome
The study needs further checking before its result can be interpreted.
Controlled study in people · Single ingredient · Unspecified population
Between-group comparison
Analysis coverage and paper counts
1 paper · 1 measured outcome
1 papers held from direction counts
Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.
Unspecified measured outcome
The study needs further checking before its result can be interpreted.
Meta-analysis · Single ingredient · Patient group
The comparison could not be confirmed.
Analysis coverage and paper counts
1 paper · 1 measured outcome
1 papers held from direction counts
Review overlap with primary papers is unknown; counts stay separate.
Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.
Unspecified measured outcome
The study needs further checking before its result can be interpreted.
Meta-analysis · Single ingredient · Unspecified population
The comparison could not be confirmed.
Analysis coverage and paper counts
1 paper · 1 measured outcome
1 papers held from direction counts
Review overlap with primary papers is unknown; counts stay separate.
Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.
Unspecified measured outcome
The study needs further checking before its result can be interpreted.
Controlled study in people · Unknown intervention · Unspecified population
The comparison could not be confirmed.
Analysis coverage and paper counts
1 paper · 1 measured outcome
1 papers held from direction counts
Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.
Glucose and metabolic health
What the research found
Body weight
The study reported improvement in this measurement.
Meta-analysis · Single ingredient · Unspecified population
Between-group comparison
Analysis coverage and paper counts
1 paper · 1 measured outcome
Review overlap with primary papers is unknown; counts stay separate.
Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.
fat mass
The study reported improvement in this measurement.
Meta-analysis · Single ingredient · Unspecified population
Between-group comparison
Analysis coverage and paper counts
1 paper · 1 measured outcome
Review overlap with primary papers is unknown; counts stay separate.
Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.
Body Weight
A change was reported, but the comparison could not be confirmed.
Controlled study in people · Single ingredient · Unspecified population
Analysis coverage and paper counts
1 paper · 1 measured outcome
Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.
Glycemic Control
A change was reported, but the comparison could not be confirmed.
Controlled study in people · Single ingredient · Unspecified population
Analysis coverage and paper counts
1 paper · 1 measured outcome
Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.
body weight
The study needs further checking before its result can be interpreted.
Animal study · indirect · Single ingredient · Patient group
This finding comes from animal or cell research. It does not establish the same effect in people.
The comparison could not be confirmed.
Analysis coverage and paper counts
1 paper · 1 measured outcome
1 papers held from direction counts
Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.
Unspecified measured outcome
The study needs further checking before its result can be interpreted.
Animal study · indirect · Single ingredient · Patient group
This finding comes from animal or cell research. It does not establish the same effect in people.
The comparison could not be confirmed.
Analysis coverage and paper counts
1 paper · 1 measured outcome
1 papers held from direction counts
Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.
Unspecified measured outcome
The study needs further checking before its result can be interpreted.
Controlled study in people · Single ingredient · Unspecified population
Between-group comparison
Analysis coverage and paper counts
1 paper · 1 measured outcome
1 papers held from direction counts
Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.
Weight gain
The study needs further checking before its result can be interpreted.
Animal study · indirect · Single ingredient · Unspecified population
This finding comes from animal or cell research. It does not establish the same effect in people.
The comparison could not be confirmed.
Analysis coverage and paper counts
2 papers · 2 measured outcomes
2 papers held from direction counts
Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.
Bone, joint, and mobility
What the research found
BMD at lumbar spine
The study reported improvement in this measurement.
Controlled study in people · Ingredient combination · Patient group
Several ingredients were used together. This does not establish the effect of this ingredient alone or synergy.
Between-group comparison
Analysis coverage and paper counts
1 paper · 1 measured outcome
Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.
total hip
The study reported improvement in this measurement.
Controlled study in people · Ingredient combination · Patient group
Several ingredients were used together. This does not establish the effect of this ingredient alone or synergy.
Between-group comparison
Analysis coverage and paper counts
1 paper · 1 measured outcome
Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.
Unspecified measured outcome
The study needs further checking before its result can be interpreted.
Controlled study in people · Single ingredient · Unspecified population
The comparison could not be confirmed.
Analysis coverage and paper counts
1 paper · 1 measured outcome
1 papers held from direction counts
Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.
Blood lipids
What the research found
LDL-cholesterol
The study needs further checking before its result can be interpreted.
Meta-analysis · Ingredient combination · General population
Several ingredients were used together. This does not establish the effect of this ingredient alone or synergy.
Between-group comparison
Analysis coverage and paper counts
1 paper · 1 measured outcome
1 papers held from direction counts
Review overlap with primary papers is unknown; counts stay separate.
Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.
Total cholesterol
The study needs further checking before its result can be interpreted.
Meta-analysis · Ingredient combination · General population
Several ingredients were used together. This does not establish the effect of this ingredient alone or synergy.
Between-group comparison
Analysis coverage and paper counts
1 paper · 1 measured outcome
1 papers held from direction counts
Review overlap with primary papers is unknown; counts stay separate.
Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.
triglyceride levels
The study needs further checking before its result can be interpreted.
Meta-analysis · Single ingredient · General population
Between-group comparison
Analysis coverage and paper counts
1 paper · 1 measured outcome
1 papers held from direction counts
Review overlap with primary papers is unknown; counts stay separate.
Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.
Blood pressure and vascular health
What the research found
Systolic blood pressure
A change was reported, but the comparison could not be confirmed.
Meta-analysis · Single ingredient · Patient group
Analysis coverage and paper counts
1 paper · 1 measured outcome
Review overlap with primary papers is unknown; counts stay separate.
Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.
Fatigue and energy
What the research found
Unspecified measured outcome
The study needs further checking before its result can be interpreted.
Controlled study in people · Unknown intervention · Unspecified population
The comparison could not be confirmed.
Analysis coverage and paper counts
1 paper · 1 measured outcome
1 papers held from direction counts
Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.
Nutrient status
What the research found
bioavailability of vitamin E
The study needs further checking before its result can be interpreted.
Other evidence · Ingredient combination · Unspecified population
Several ingredients were used together. This does not establish the effect of this ingredient alone or synergy.
The comparison could not be confirmed.
Analysis coverage and paper counts
1 paper · 1 measured outcome
1 papers held from direction counts
Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.
How to read research findings
How should I read research findings?
Research guidesNo clear difference and an uninterpretable result are different
A reported null comparison contains a result. An abstract without an interpretable comparison leaves a question unresolved.
Paper counts and study counts are different
Count original research separately from research that reanalyzes it. Publication volume is neither replication nor a quality rating.
Side effects and combination findings
Findings from this ingredient alone are shown separately from those involving another supplement or medication.
Caution findings
1
Findings from individual and combined use, plus reviewed cautions
Key precautions
No reviewed caution rules are available yet. Reported caution findings are shown below.
These findings were reported in studies. They do not predict an individual's experience.
Findings to review with care
Side effects reported for the ingredient alone are separated from findings involving another supplement or medication.
Side effects reported with this ingredient alone
Symptoms or adverse events reported in studies without another active ingredient.
Intestinal MRP accumulation1 papers
Whey protein concentrate (WPC) in infant formula was associated with increased intestinal MRP accumulation, mucosal damage, and upregulation of inflammatory genes in preterm pigs, indicating potential adverse gut and immune effects.Animal studies · Animal study