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Plant Sterols

Blood lipids

Partial research summary

Human studies reported both between-group improvement, no clear between-group difference, mixed results, and between-group worsening for LDL cholesterol; while Studies with an unspecified organism reported both between-group improvement and a change with no confirmed comparison group for LDL cholesterol.

single- and combination-ingredient studies · Scope not specified · Individual ingredient effects cannot be separated · Human studies · Includes patient groups · Population not specified · between-group comparison · comparator not confirmed

Publications for this result: 15 (6 awaiting review included)

Other outcomes and study details

Distinct publications linked to this topic: 42

  • Study conditions differ; results are shown descriptively and are not pooled.
  • Combination, formula, or class studies do not isolate this ingredient or establish synergy.
  • Some publications have not cleared source or interpretation review.
  • Some papers could not be reviewed, so this summary covers only findings that could be confirmed.

What has been studied?

Distinct human comparison papers: 10

Some studies tested several ingredients together. Those results cannot show this ingredient’s separate effect or establish synergy.

  • cholesterol absorption

    Other human research, including observational studies and reviews
    • A change was reported, but the comparison could not be confirmed.
      Single ingredient
      Measurement and study conditions
      • Controlled human study
      • Randomized trial
      • Single ingredient
      • Unspecified population
      • Outcome role not specified
      • Timepoint: unspecified
      • Study comparison: unspecified

  • fecal cholesterol excretion

    Other human research, including observational studies and reviews
    • A change was reported, but the comparison could not be confirmed.
      Single ingredient
      Measurement and study conditions
      • Controlled human study
      • Randomized trial
      • Single ingredient
      • Unspecified population
      • Outcome role not specified
      • Timepoint: unspecified
      • Study comparison: unspecified

  • HDL-7 subfraction

    • Comparison result:A better result than the comparison group was reported.
      Single ingredient
      Measurement and study conditions
      • Controlled human study
      • Randomized trial
      • Single ingredient
      • Unspecified population
      • Outcome role not specified
      • Between-group comparison
      • Timepoint: unspecified
      • Study comparison: unspecified

  • Intestinal cholesterol absorption

    Research with unclear study subject or type
    • A change was reported, but the comparison could not be confirmed.
      Combination study
      Measurement and study conditions
      • Review
      • Review
      • Ingredient combination
      • Unspecified population
      • Outcome role not specified
      • Study subject not identified
      • Timepoint: unspecified
      • Study comparison: unspecified
Other measured outcomes (11)

  • intestinal, non-bile derived, cholesterol excretion

    Animal and cell research · indirect evidence
    • A change was reported in animal or cell research.
      Single ingredient · 2 weeks
      Measurement and study conditions
      • Animal study · indirect
      • Controlled trial
      • Single ingredient
      • Unspecified population
      • Mechanistic outcome
      • Comparison unclear
      • Animal or cell research
      • Timepoint: 2 weeks
      • Study comparison: plant-sterol feeding associated with increased intestinal cholesterol excretion in mice; comparator

  • LDL cholesterol

    Human comparison research
    • Comparison result:Results were mixed for this outcome.
      Single ingredient
      Measurement and study conditions
      • Controlled human study
      • Randomized trial
      • Single ingredient
      • Unspecified population
      • Outcome role not specified
      • Between-group comparison
      • Timepoint: unspecified
      • Study comparison: unspecified
    • Comparison result:A better result than the comparison group was reported.
      Patient group · Combination study
      Measurement and study conditions
      • Controlled human study
      • Randomized trial
      • Ingredient combination
      • Patient group
      • Outcome role not specified
      • Between-group comparison
      • Timepoint: unspecified
      • Study comparison: unspecified
    • Comparison result:A better result than the comparison group was reported.
      Combination study
      Measurement and study conditions
      • Controlled human study
      • Randomized trial
      • Ingredient combination
      • Unspecified population
      • Outcome role not specified
      • Between-group comparison
      • Timepoint: unspecified
      • Study comparison: unspecified
    • Comparison result:A worse result than the comparison group was reported.
      Patient group · Single ingredient
      Measurement and study conditions
      • Controlled human study
      • Controlled trial
      • Single ingredient
      • Patient group
      • Outcome role not specified
      • Between-group comparison
      • Timepoint: unspecified
      • Study comparison: unspecified
    • Comparison result:No clear difference from the comparison group was found.
      Single ingredient
      Measurement and study conditions
      • Controlled human study
      • Randomized trial
      • Single ingredient
      • Unspecified population
      • Outcome role not specified
      • Between-group comparison
      • Timepoint: unspecified
      • Study comparison: unspecified
    Research with unclear study subject or type
    • The study reported improvement in this measurement.
      Single ingredient
      Measurement and study conditions
      • Controlled study; organism not specified
      • Randomized trial
      • Single ingredient
      • Unspecified population
      • Outcome role not specified
      • Between-group comparison
      • Study subject not identified
      • Timepoint: unspecified
      • Study comparison: unspecified
    • A change was reported, but the comparison could not be confirmed.
      Single ingredient
      Measurement and study conditions
      • Meta-analysis
      • Meta-analysis
      • Single ingredient
      • Unspecified population
      • Outcome role not specified
      • Study subject not identified
      • Timepoint: unspecified
      • Study comparison: unspecified
    • The study reported improvement in this measurement.
      Single ingredient
      Measurement and study conditions
      • Review
      • Systematic review
      • Single ingredient
      • Unspecified population
      • Outcome role not specified
      • Between-group comparison
      • Study subject not identified
      • Timepoint: unspecified
      • Study comparison: unspecified
    • A change was reported, but the comparison could not be confirmed.
      Patient group · Single ingredient
      Measurement and study conditions
      • Review
      • Systematic review
      • Single ingredient
      • Patient group
      • Outcome role not specified
      • Study subject not identified
      • Timepoint: unspecified
      • Study comparison: unspecified

  • LDL- cholesterol

    Other human research, including observational studies and reviews
    • A change was reported before and after use. Its cause cannot be isolated.
      Patient group · Combination study · 16 weeks
      Measurement and study conditions
      • Other evidence
      • Clinical trial
      • Ingredient combination
      • Patient group
      • Secondary outcome
      • Within-group comparison
      • Timepoint: 16 weeks
      • Study comparison: Combination of plant sterols, fish oil, B vitamins and coenzyme Q10; within-group change from baseli

  • LDL-c reduction

    • Comparison result:A better result than the comparison group was reported.
      Patient group · Combination study · 8 weeks
      Measurement and study conditions
      • Controlled human study
      • Randomized trial
      • Ingredient combination
      • Patient group
      • Biomarker
      • Between-group comparison
      • Timepoint: 8 weeks
      • Study comparison: phytosterols plus inulin-enriched soymilk versus standard soymilk

  • LDL-Cholesterol

    Human comparison research
    • Comparison result:A better result than the comparison group was reported.
      Patient group · Combination study
      Measurement and study conditions
      • Controlled human study
      • Randomized trial
      • Ingredient combination
      • Patient group
      • Outcome role not specified
      • Between-group comparison
      • Timepoint: unspecified
      • Study comparison: unspecified
    Other human research, including observational studies and reviews
    • A change was reported, but the comparison could not be confirmed.
      Single ingredient
      Measurement and study conditions
      • Controlled human study
      • Randomized trial
      • Single ingredient
      • Unspecified population
      • Outcome role not specified
      • Timepoint: unspecified
      • Study comparison: unspecified

  • Lipid Profile

    Research with unclear study subject or type
    • A change was reported, but the comparison could not be confirmed.
      Single ingredient
      Measurement and study conditions
      • Review
      • Review
      • Single ingredient
      • Unspecified population
      • Outcome role not specified
      • Study subject not identified
      • Timepoint: unspecified
      • Study comparison: unspecified

  • low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol

    Research with unclear study subject or type
    • A change was reported, but the comparison could not be confirmed.
      General population · Varied across reviewed studies
      Measurement and study conditions
      • Review
      • Review
      • Unknown intervention
      • General population
      • Secondary outcome
      • Study subject not identified
      • Timepoint: Varied across reviewed studies
      • Study comparison: Properly solubilized plant sterols at 0.8–1.0 g/day in diet and lifestyle context

  • Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol

    Research with unclear study subject or type
    • A change was reported, but the comparison could not be confirmed.
      Single ingredient
      Measurement and study conditions
      • Review
      • Review
      • Single ingredient
      • Unspecified population
      • Outcome role not specified
      • Study subject not identified
      • Timepoint: unspecified
      • Study comparison: unspecified

  • Plasma total cholesterol

    Animal and cell research · indirect evidence
    • A change was reported in animal or cell research.
      Patient group · Single ingredient
      Measurement and study conditions
      • Animal study · indirect
      • Single ingredient
      • Patient group
      • Outcome role not specified
      • Comparison unclear
      • Animal or cell research
      • Timepoint: unspecified
      • Study comparison: unspecified

  • Serum LDL-cholesterol

    • Comparison result:No clear difference from the comparison group was found.
      Patient group · Combination study
      Measurement and study conditions
      • Controlled human study
      • Randomized trial
      • Ingredient combination
      • Patient group
      • Outcome role not specified
      • Between-group comparison
      • Timepoint: unspecified
      • Study comparison: unspecified

  • total cholesterol

    • Comparison result:A better result than the comparison group was reported.
      Patient group · Combination study · 1 and 3 months
      Measurement and study conditions
      • Controlled human study
      • Randomized trial
      • Ingredient combination
      • Patient group
      • Primary outcome
      • Between-group comparison
      • Timepoint: 1 and 3 months
      • Study comparison: Multi-ingredient nutraceutical vs placebo

This result is held for interpretation. That does not mean research found no effect.

Outcome groups needing additional review (11)
  • cholesterol · Distinct papers needing additional review: 1Evidence criteria check: 1
  • cholesterol-lowering effect · Distinct papers needing additional review: 1Evidence criteria check: 1
  • lathosterol/cholesterol ratio · Distinct papers needing additional review: 1Direction unclear: 1
  • LDL · Distinct papers needing additional review: 1Evidence criteria check: 1
  • LDL cholesterol concentration · Distinct papers needing additional review: 1Direction unclear: 1
  • LDL levels · Distinct papers needing additional review: 1Evidence criteria check: 1
  • LDL-cholesterol concentrations · Distinct papers needing additional review: 1Evidence criteria check: 1
  • LDLc · Distinct papers needing additional review: 1Evidence criteria check: 1
  • low density lipoprotein cholesterol · Distinct papers needing additional review: 1Evidence criteria check: 1
  • Low-Density Lipoprotein-Cholesterol (LDL-C) · Distinct papers needing additional review: 1Evidence criteria check: 1
  • TC · Distinct papers needing additional review: 2Direction unclear: 1 · Evidence criteria check: 2

One paper can appear under multiple measured outcomes or review reasons, so these counts should not be added together.

Research topics to explore

Research topics to explore

Review findings reported in each research area.

Topics with more linked papers appear first.

  • Blood lipids

    Related papers 42 · human comparison papers 10

    View selected result

  • Blood pressure and vascular health

    Related papers 1 · comparison findings need further review

    View results
    • diastolic BP · Comparison details unconfirmed
    • systolic BP · Comparison details unconfirmed

  • Digestion and gut health

    Related papers 1 · comparison findings need further review

    View results
    • phytosterols · Comparison details unconfirmed

  • Exercise performance

    Related papers 1 · comparison findings need further review

    View results
    • Growth performance · Comparison details unconfirmed
Data coverage and detailed study classifications

Paper counts are separated by research topic below. One paper may contribute to multiple findings.

Analysis status: Public-ready

Ingredient analysis date:

How the grade was determined: B

The 62.0 evidence score includes 0 independent human studies and 0 clinical studies in the representative benefit area. The B tier remains conservative because of limited repetition across independent human clinical studies, too few clinical findings with an explicit effect direction.

The grade is based mainly on the research area with the most evidence. It does not mean the same result was found in other areas.

Papers linked to this ingredient overall: 75

Papers linked to this topic 42 · distinct papers 42 · papers with a confirmed human comparison 10 · papers needing additional review 21

Ingredient-wide papers, topic-linked papers, and sources in outcome groups use different scopes. Adding source counts may count the same paper more than once.

  • cholesterol: Sources represented in this measurement group: 1 · Distinct papers with human comparisons for this outcome: 0
  • cholesterol absorption: Sources represented in this measurement group: 1 · Distinct papers with human comparisons for this outcome: 0
  • cholesterol-lowering effect: Sources represented in this measurement group: 1 · Distinct papers with human comparisons for this outcome: 0
  • fecal cholesterol excretion: Sources represented in this measurement group: 1 · Distinct papers with human comparisons for this outcome: 0
  • HDL-7 subfraction: Sources represented in this measurement group: 1 · Distinct papers with human comparisons for this outcome: 1
  • Intestinal cholesterol absorption: Sources represented in this measurement group: 1 · Distinct papers with human comparisons for this outcome: 0
  • intestinal, non-bile derived, cholesterol excretion: Sources represented in this measurement group: 1 · Distinct papers with human comparisons for this outcome: 0
  • lathosterol/cholesterol ratio: Sources represented in this measurement group: 1 · Distinct papers with human comparisons for this outcome: 0
  • LDL: Sources represented in this measurement group: 1 · Distinct papers with human comparisons for this outcome: 0
  • LDL cholesterol: Sources represented in this measurement group: 15 · Distinct papers with human comparisons for this outcome: 5
  • LDL cholesterol concentration: Sources represented in this measurement group: 1 · Distinct papers with human comparisons for this outcome: 0
  • LDL levels: Sources represented in this measurement group: 1 · Distinct papers with human comparisons for this outcome: 0
  • LDL- cholesterol: Sources represented in this measurement group: 1 · Distinct papers with human comparisons for this outcome: 0
  • LDL-c reduction: Sources represented in this measurement group: 1 · Distinct papers with human comparisons for this outcome: 1
  • LDL-Cholesterol: Sources represented in this measurement group: 3 · Distinct papers with human comparisons for this outcome: 1
  • LDL-cholesterol concentrations: Sources represented in this measurement group: 1 · Distinct papers with human comparisons for this outcome: 0
  • LDLc: Sources represented in this measurement group: 1 · Distinct papers with human comparisons for this outcome: 0
  • Lipid Profile: Sources represented in this measurement group: 1 · Distinct papers with human comparisons for this outcome: 0
  • low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol: Sources represented in this measurement group: 1 · Distinct papers with human comparisons for this outcome: 0
  • low density lipoprotein cholesterol: Sources represented in this measurement group: 1 · Distinct papers with human comparisons for this outcome: 0
  • Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol: Sources represented in this measurement group: 2 · Distinct papers with human comparisons for this outcome: 0
  • Low-Density Lipoprotein-Cholesterol (LDL-C): Sources represented in this measurement group: 1 · Distinct papers with human comparisons for this outcome: 0
  • Plasma total cholesterol: Sources represented in this measurement group: 1 · Distinct papers with human comparisons for this outcome: 0
  • Serum LDL-cholesterol: Sources represented in this measurement group: 1 · Distinct papers with human comparisons for this outcome: 1
  • TC: Sources represented in this measurement group: 2 · Distinct papers with human comparisons for this outcome: 0
  • total cholesterol: Sources represented in this measurement group: 1 · Distinct papers with human comparisons for this outcome: 1

Blood lipids

What the research found

LDL cholesterol

Results for this measurement were mixed; no consistent conclusion can be drawn.

Controlled study in people · Single ingredient · Unspecified population

Between-group comparison

Analysis coverage and paper counts

1 paper · 1 measured outcome

Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.

LDL-C

The study reported worsening in this measurement.

Controlled study in people · Single ingredient · Patient group

Between-group comparison

Analysis coverage and paper counts

1 paper · 1 measured outcome

Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.

LDL-C

No clear difference in this measurement was found between the compared groups.

Controlled study in people · Single ingredient · Unspecified population

Between-group comparison

Analysis coverage and paper counts

1 paper · 1 measured outcome

Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.

Serum LDL-cholesterol

No clear difference in this measurement was found between the compared groups.

Controlled study in people · Ingredient combination · Patient group

Several ingredients were used together. This does not establish the effect of this ingredient alone or synergy.

Between-group comparison

Analysis coverage and paper counts

1 paper · 1 measured outcome

Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.

HDL-7 subfraction

The study reported improvement in this measurement.

Controlled study in people · Single ingredient · Unspecified population

Between-group comparison

Analysis coverage and paper counts

1 paper · 1 measured outcome

Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.

LDL cholesterol

The study reported improvement in this measurement.

Controlled human study · Single ingredient · Unspecified population

Between-group comparison

Analysis coverage and paper counts

1 paper · 1 measured outcome

Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.

LDL-C

The study reported improvement in this measurement.

Controlled study in people · Ingredient combination · Patient group

Several ingredients were used together. This does not establish the effect of this ingredient alone or synergy.

Between-group comparison

Analysis coverage and paper counts

1 paper · 1 measured outcome

Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.

LDL-c

The study reported improvement in this measurement.

Controlled study in people · Ingredient combination · Unspecified population

Several ingredients were used together. This does not establish the effect of this ingredient alone or synergy.

Between-group comparison

Analysis coverage and paper counts

1 paper · 1 measured outcome

Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.

LDL-c reduction

The study reported improvement in this measurement.

Controlled study in people · Ingredient combination · Patient group

Several ingredients were used together. This does not establish the effect of this ingredient alone or synergy.

Between-group comparison

Analysis coverage and paper counts

1 paper · 1 measured outcome

Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.

LDL-Cholesterol

The study reported improvement in this measurement.

Controlled study in people · Ingredient combination · Patient group

Several ingredients were used together. This does not establish the effect of this ingredient alone or synergy.

Between-group comparison

Analysis coverage and paper counts

1 paper · 1 measured outcome

Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.

total cholesterol

The study reported improvement in this measurement.

Controlled study in people · Ingredient combination · Patient group

Several ingredients were used together. This does not establish the effect of this ingredient alone or synergy.

Between-group comparison

Analysis coverage and paper counts

1 paper · 1 measured outcome

Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.

LDL cholesterol

The study reported improvement in this measurement.

Review · Single ingredient · Unspecified population

Between-group comparison

Analysis coverage and paper counts

1 paper · 1 measured outcome

Review overlap with primary papers is unknown; counts stay separate.

Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.

LDL- cholesterol

A change was reported before and after use. Its cause cannot be isolated.

Other evidence · Ingredient combination · Patient group

Several ingredients were used together. This does not establish the effect of this ingredient alone or synergy.

Within-group comparison

Analysis coverage and paper counts

1 paper · 1 measured outcome

Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.

cholesterol absorption

A change was reported, but the comparison could not be confirmed.

Controlled study in people · Single ingredient · Unspecified population

Analysis coverage and paper counts

1 paper · 1 measured outcome

Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.

fecal cholesterol excretion

A change was reported, but the comparison could not be confirmed.

Controlled study in people · Single ingredient · Unspecified population

Analysis coverage and paper counts

1 paper · 1 measured outcome

Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.

Intestinal cholesterol absorption

A change was reported, but the comparison could not be confirmed.

Review · Ingredient combination · Unspecified population

Several ingredients were used together. This does not establish the effect of this ingredient alone or synergy.

Analysis coverage and paper counts

1 paper · 1 measured outcome

Review overlap with primary papers is unknown; counts stay separate.

Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.

LDL cholesterol

A change was reported, but the comparison could not be confirmed.

Meta-analysis · Single ingredient · Unspecified population

Analysis coverage and paper counts

1 paper · 1 measured outcome

Review overlap with primary papers is unknown; counts stay separate.

Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.

LDL-C

A change was reported, but the comparison could not be confirmed.

Review · Single ingredient · Patient group

Analysis coverage and paper counts

1 paper · 1 measured outcome

Review overlap with primary papers is unknown; counts stay separate.

Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.

LDL-cholesterol

A change was reported, but the comparison could not be confirmed.

Controlled study in people · Single ingredient · Unspecified population

Analysis coverage and paper counts

1 paper · 1 measured outcome

Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.

Lipid Profile

A change was reported, but the comparison could not be confirmed.

Review · Single ingredient · Unspecified population

Analysis coverage and paper counts

1 paper · 1 measured outcome

Review overlap with primary papers is unknown; counts stay separate.

Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.

low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol

A change was reported, but the comparison could not be confirmed.

Review · Unknown intervention · General population

Analysis coverage and paper counts

1 paper · 1 measured outcome

Review overlap with primary papers is unknown; counts stay separate.

Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.

Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol

A change was reported, but the comparison could not be confirmed.

Review · Single ingredient · Unspecified population

Analysis coverage and paper counts

1 paper · 1 measured outcome

Review overlap with primary papers is unknown; counts stay separate.

Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.

intestinal, non-bile derived, cholesterol excretion

A change was reported in animal or cell research.

Animal study · indirect · Single ingredient · Unspecified population

This finding comes from animal or cell research. It does not establish the same effect in people.

The comparison could not be confirmed.

Analysis coverage and paper counts

1 paper · 1 measured outcome

Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.

Plasma total cholesterol

A change was reported in animal or cell research.

Animal study · indirect · Single ingredient · Patient group

This finding comes from animal or cell research. It does not establish the same effect in people.

The comparison could not be confirmed.

Analysis coverage and paper counts

1 paper · 1 measured outcome

Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.

cholesterol

The study needs further checking before its result can be interpreted.

Controlled study in people · Ingredient combination · Patient group

Several ingredients were used together. This does not establish the effect of this ingredient alone or synergy.

Between-group comparison

Analysis coverage and paper counts

1 paper · 1 measured outcome

1 papers held from direction counts

Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.

cholesterol-lowering effect

The study needs further checking before its result can be interpreted.

Review · Unknown intervention · General population

The comparison could not be confirmed.

Analysis coverage and paper counts

1 paper · 1 measured outcome

1 papers held from direction counts

Review overlap with primary papers is unknown; counts stay separate.

Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.

lathosterol/cholesterol ratio

The study needs further checking before its result can be interpreted.

Controlled study in people · Unknown intervention · General population

The comparison could not be confirmed.

Analysis coverage and paper counts

1 paper · 1 measured outcome

1 papers held from direction counts

Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.

LDL

The study needs further checking before its result can be interpreted.

Animal study · indirect · Single ingredient · General population

This finding comes from animal or cell research. It does not establish the same effect in people.

The comparison could not be confirmed.

Analysis coverage and paper counts

1 paper · 1 measured outcome

1 papers held from direction counts

Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.

LDL cholesterol

The study needs further checking before its result can be interpreted.

Controlled study in people · Ingredient combination · Patient group

Several ingredients were used together. This does not establish the effect of this ingredient alone or synergy.

Between-group comparison

Analysis coverage and paper counts

1 paper · 1 measured outcome

1 papers held from direction counts

Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.

LDL cholesterol

The study needs further checking before its result can be interpreted.

Review · Ingredient combination · Unspecified population

Several ingredients were used together. This does not establish the effect of this ingredient alone or synergy.

The comparison could not be confirmed.

Analysis coverage and paper counts

1 paper · 1 measured outcome

1 papers held from direction counts

Review overlap with primary papers is unknown; counts stay separate.

Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.

LDL cholesterol concentration

The study needs further checking before its result can be interpreted.

Other evidence · Ingredient combination · Unspecified population

Several ingredients were used together. This does not establish the effect of this ingredient alone or synergy.

The comparison could not be confirmed.

Analysis coverage and paper counts

1 paper · 1 measured outcome

1 papers held from direction counts

Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.

LDL levels

The study needs further checking before its result can be interpreted.

Meta-analysis · Unknown intervention · General population

Between-group comparison

Analysis coverage and paper counts

1 paper · 1 measured outcome

1 papers held from direction counts

Review overlap with primary papers is unknown; counts stay separate.

Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.

LDL-C

The study needs further checking before its result can be interpreted.

Meta-analysis · Unknown intervention · Patient group

The comparison could not be confirmed.

Analysis coverage and paper counts

1 paper · 1 measured outcome

1 papers held from direction counts

Review overlap with primary papers is unknown; counts stay separate.

Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.

LDL-C

The study needs further checking before its result can be interpreted.

Review · Unknown intervention · General population

The comparison could not be confirmed.

Analysis coverage and paper counts

1 paper · 1 measured outcome

1 papers held from direction counts

Review overlap with primary papers is unknown; counts stay separate.

Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.

LDL-C

The study needs further checking before its result can be interpreted.

Review · Unknown intervention · Unspecified population

The comparison could not be confirmed.

Analysis coverage and paper counts

1 paper · 1 measured outcome

1 papers held from direction counts

Review overlap with primary papers is unknown; counts stay separate.

Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.

LDL-C

The study needs further checking before its result can be interpreted.

Review · Unknown intervention · Unspecified population

The comparison could not be confirmed.

Analysis coverage and paper counts

1 paper · 1 measured outcome

1 papers held from direction counts

Review overlap with primary papers is unknown; counts stay separate.

Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.

LDL-Cholesterol

The study needs further checking before its result can be interpreted.

Controlled study in people · Ingredient combination · Patient group

Several ingredients were used together. This does not establish the effect of this ingredient alone or synergy.

The comparison could not be confirmed.

Analysis coverage and paper counts

1 paper · 1 measured outcome

1 papers held from direction counts

Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.

LDL-cholesterol concentrations

The study needs further checking before its result can be interpreted.

Meta-analysis · Unknown intervention · Unspecified population

The comparison could not be confirmed.

Analysis coverage and paper counts

1 paper · 1 measured outcome

1 papers held from direction counts

Review overlap with primary papers is unknown; counts stay separate.

Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.

LDLc

The study needs further checking before its result can be interpreted.

Review · Unknown intervention · General population

The comparison could not be confirmed.

Analysis coverage and paper counts

1 paper · 1 measured outcome

1 papers held from direction counts

Review overlap with primary papers is unknown; counts stay separate.

Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.

low density lipoprotein cholesterol

The study needs further checking before its result can be interpreted.

Controlled study in people · Single ingredient · Patient group

Between-group comparison

Analysis coverage and paper counts

1 paper · 1 measured outcome

1 papers held from direction counts

Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.

Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol

The study needs further checking before its result can be interpreted.

Review · Unknown intervention · Unspecified population

The comparison could not be confirmed.

Analysis coverage and paper counts

1 paper · 1 measured outcome

1 papers held from direction counts

Review overlap with primary papers is unknown; counts stay separate.

Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.

Low-Density Lipoprotein-Cholesterol (LDL-C)

The study needs further checking before its result can be interpreted.

Review · Unknown intervention · Unspecified population

The comparison could not be confirmed.

Analysis coverage and paper counts

1 paper · 1 measured outcome

1 papers held from direction counts

Review overlap with primary papers is unknown; counts stay separate.

Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.

TC

The study needs further checking before its result can be interpreted.

Controlled study in people · Ingredient combination · Patient group

Several ingredients were used together. This does not establish the effect of this ingredient alone or synergy.

The comparison could not be confirmed.

Analysis coverage and paper counts

1 paper · 1 measured outcome

1 papers held from direction counts

Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.

TC

The study needs further checking before its result can be interpreted.

Controlled study in people · Single ingredient · Patient group

The comparison could not be confirmed.

Analysis coverage and paper counts

1 paper · 1 measured outcome

1 papers held from direction counts

Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.

TC

The study needs further checking before its result can be interpreted.

Meta-analysis · Unknown intervention · Patient group

The comparison could not be confirmed.

Analysis coverage and paper counts

1 paper · 1 measured outcome

1 papers held from direction counts

Review overlap with primary papers is unknown; counts stay separate.

Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.

Unspecified measured outcome

The study needs further checking before its result can be interpreted.

Review · Single ingredient · Unspecified population

The comparison could not be confirmed.

Analysis coverage and paper counts

1 paper · 1 measured outcome

1 papers held from direction counts

Review overlap with primary papers is unknown; counts stay separate.

Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.

Unspecified measured outcome

The study needs further checking before its result can be interpreted.

Controlled human study · Unknown intervention · Unspecified population

The comparison could not be confirmed.

Analysis coverage and paper counts

1 paper · 1 measured outcome

1 papers held from direction counts

Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.

Unspecified measured outcome

The study needs further checking before its result can be interpreted.

Other evidence · Unknown intervention · Unspecified population

The comparison could not be confirmed.

Analysis coverage and paper counts

1 paper · 1 measured outcome

1 papers held from direction counts

Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.

Blood pressure and vascular health

What the research found

diastolic BP

A change was reported, but the comparison could not be confirmed.

Meta-analysis · Single ingredient · General population

Analysis coverage and paper counts

1 paper · 1 measured outcome

Review overlap with primary papers is unknown; counts stay separate.

Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.

systolic BP

A change was reported, but the comparison could not be confirmed.

Meta-analysis · Single ingredient · General population

Analysis coverage and paper counts

1 paper · 1 measured outcome

Review overlap with primary papers is unknown; counts stay separate.

Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.

Digestion and gut health

What the research found

phytosterols

A change was reported, but the comparison could not be confirmed.

Review · Unknown intervention · General population

Analysis coverage and paper counts

1 paper · 1 measured outcome

Review overlap with primary papers is unknown; counts stay separate.

Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.

Exercise performance

What the research found

Growth performance

A change was reported, but the comparison could not be confirmed.

Other evidence · Single ingredient · Unspecified population

Analysis coverage and paper counts

1 paper · 1 measured outcome

Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.

How to read research findings

How should I read research findings?

Research guides

Side effects and combination findings

Findings from this ingredient alone are shown separately from those involving another supplement or medication.

Caution findings
0
Findings from individual and combined use, plus reviewed cautions
Key precautions
No combination cautions are available to show in the current data. This does not guarantee safety.
These findings were reported in studies. They do not predict an individual's experience.

Side effects and combination studies

No side-effect or combination findings are available to show from the collected papers. This does not establish safety.