Improvement after a supplement is not the same as a comparative result
Start with the comparison. A before-and-after change alone cannot isolate the contribution of an ingredient.
Manganese
Glucose and metabolic health
Human studies reported both an association and a change with no confirmed comparison group for Risk of type 2 diabetes.
Single-ingredient studies · Human studies · Includes patient groups · Population not specified · between-group comparison · comparator not confirmed
Publications for this result: 2
Other outcomes and study details
Distinct publications linked to this topic: 3
- Study conditions differ; results are shown descriptively and are not pooled.
What has been studied?
Distinct human comparison papers: 1
MetS
Research with unclear study subject or type
- A change was reported, but the comparison could not be confirmed.General population
Measurement and study conditions
- Meta-analysis
- Meta-analysis
- Unknown intervention
- General population
- Outcome role not specified
- Study subject not identified
- Timepoint: Varied across observational studies
- Study comparison: Highest versus lower exposure categories; pooled estimates were nonsignificant
Risk of type 2 diabetes
Other human research, including observational studies and reviews
- An association was observed. This does not establish that the ingredient caused the change.Single ingredient
Measurement and study conditions
- Observational study
- Observational study
- Single ingredient
- Unspecified population
- Outcome role not specified
- Between-group comparison
- Timepoint: unspecified
- Study comparison: unspecified
- A change was reported, but the comparison could not be confirmed.Patient group · Single ingredient
Measurement and study conditions
- Other evidence
- Single ingredient
- Patient group
- Outcome role not specified
- Timepoint: unspecified
- Study comparison: unspecified
Research topics to explore
Research topics to explore
Review findings reported in each research area.
Topics with more linked papers appear first.
- View results
Cognition
Related papers 6 · comparison findings need further review
- Working memory · Interpretation held
- View selected result
Glucose and metabolic health
Related papers 3 · human comparison papers 1
- View results
Stress and mood
Related papers 2 · comparison findings need further review
- View results
Bone, joint, and mobility
Related papers 1 · comparison findings need further review
Data coverage and detailed study classifications
Paper counts are separated by research topic below. One paper may contribute to multiple findings.
Analysis status: Public-ready
Ingredient analysis date:
How the grade was determined: C
The 13.6 evidence score includes 0 independent human studies and 0 clinical studies in the representative benefit area. The C tier remains conservative because of limited repetition across independent human clinical studies, too few clinical findings with an explicit effect direction.
The grade is based mainly on the research area with the most evidence. It does not mean the same result was found in other areas.
Papers linked to this ingredient overall: 50
Papers linked to this topic 3 · distinct papers 3 · papers with a confirmed human comparison 1 · papers needing additional review 0
Ingredient-wide papers, topic-linked papers, and sources in outcome groups use different scopes. Adding source counts may count the same paper more than once.
- MetS: Sources represented in this measurement group: 1 · Distinct papers with human comparisons for this outcome: 0
- Risk of type 2 diabetes: Sources represented in this measurement group: 2 · Distinct papers with human comparisons for this outcome: 1
Cognition
What the research found
Unspecified measured outcome
The study needs further checking before its result can be interpreted.
Meta-analysis · Single ingredient · Unspecified population
The comparison could not be confirmed.
Analysis coverage and paper counts
3 papers · 3 measured outcomes
3 papers held from direction counts
Review overlap with primary papers is unknown; counts stay separate.
Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.
Unspecified measured outcome
The study needs further checking before its result can be interpreted.
Other evidence · Single ingredient · Unspecified population
The comparison could not be confirmed.
Analysis coverage and paper counts
1 paper · 1 measured outcome
1 papers held from direction counts
Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.
Unspecified measured outcome
The study needs further checking before its result can be interpreted.
Review · Single ingredient · Unspecified population
The comparison could not be confirmed.
Analysis coverage and paper counts
1 paper · 1 measured outcome
1 papers held from direction counts
Review overlap with primary papers is unknown; counts stay separate.
Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.
Working memory
The study needs further checking before its result can be interpreted.
Other evidence · Single ingredient · Unspecified population
The comparison could not be confirmed.
Analysis coverage and paper counts
1 paper · 1 measured outcome
1 papers held from direction counts
Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.
Glucose and metabolic health
What the research found
Risk of type 2 diabetes
An association was observed. This does not establish that the ingredient caused the change.
Observational study · Single ingredient · Unspecified population
Between-group comparison
Analysis coverage and paper counts
1 paper · 1 measured outcome
Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.
MetS
A change was reported, but the comparison could not be confirmed.
Meta-analysis · Unknown intervention · General population
Analysis coverage and paper counts
1 paper · 1 measured outcome
Review overlap with primary papers is unknown; counts stay separate.
Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.
risk of type 2 diabetes
A change was reported, but the comparison could not be confirmed.
Other evidence · Single ingredient · Patient group
Analysis coverage and paper counts
1 paper · 1 measured outcome
Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.
Stress and mood
What the research found
Unspecified measured outcome
The study needs further checking before its result can be interpreted.
Review · Single ingredient · Unspecified population
The comparison could not be confirmed.
Analysis coverage and paper counts
2 papers · 2 measured outcomes
2 papers held from direction counts
Review overlap with primary papers is unknown; counts stay separate.
Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.
Bone, joint, and mobility
What the research found
Unspecified measured outcome
The study needs further checking before its result can be interpreted.
Review · Single ingredient · Unspecified population
The comparison could not be confirmed.
Analysis coverage and paper counts
1 paper · 1 measured outcome
1 papers held from direction counts
Review overlap with primary papers is unknown; counts stay separate.
Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.
How to read research findings
How should I read research findings?
Research guidesNo clear difference and an uninterpretable result are different
A reported null comparison contains a result. An abstract without an interpretable comparison leaves a question unresolved.
Paper counts and study counts are different
Count original research separately from research that reanalyzes it. Publication volume is neither replication nor a quality rating.
Side effects and combination findings
Findings from this ingredient alone are shown separately from those involving another supplement or medication.
Caution findings
7
Findings from individual and combined use, plus reviewed cautions
Key precautions
No reviewed caution rules are available yet. Reported caution findings are shown below.
These findings were reported in studies. They do not predict an individual's experience.
Findings to review with care
Side effects reported for the ingredient alone are separated from findings involving another supplement or medication.
Side effects reported with this ingredient alone
Symptoms or adverse events reported in studies without another active ingredient.
oxidative stress1 papers
Manganese exposure induces oxidative stress leading to mitochondrial dysfunction, inflammation, and cytotoxicity, contributing to neurotoxicity.Animal studies · Systematic reviewManganese-induced neurotoxicity1 papers
EFSA Panel established a safe intake level of 8 mg/day for adults based on limited data, noting manganese-induced neurotoxicity as the priority adverse effect.Human studies · Systematic reviewdopaminergic dysfunction1 papers
Exposure to manganese is associated with dopaminergic dysfunction and Parkinsonian-like symptoms, indicating neurotoxic effects.Human studies · Systematic reviewdevelopmental neurotoxicity1 papers
Manganese is identified as a developmental neurotoxicant in epidemiological studies.Human studies · Systematic reviewWorking memory1 papers
Manganese exposure at excess levels is associated with significant working memory deficits and other neurological dysfunctions.Human studies · Systematic reviewBrain oxidative stress1 papers
Manganese overexposure can lead to neurotoxic effects such as oxidative stress and inflammation in the brain.Human studies · Systematic reviewBrain1 papers
Manganese at high dietary intake may be neurotoxic, particularly to the brain.Human studies · Systematic review