Improvement after a supplement is not the same as a comparative result
Start with the comparison. A before-and-after change alone cannot isolate the contribution of an ingredient.
Magnesium
Glucose and metabolic health
Human studies reported both between-group improvement and an association for HBA1c; while Studies with an unspecified organism reported a change with no confirmed comparison group in HBA1c.
Single-ingredient studies · Human studies · Includes patient groups and deficiency groups · between-group comparison · comparator not confirmed
Publications for this result: 3
Other outcomes and study details
Distinct publications linked to this topic: 9
- Study conditions differ; results are shown descriptively and are not pooled.
What has been studied?
Distinct human comparison papers: 1
C-peptide
- Comparison result:A better result than the comparison group was reported.Patient group · Single ingredient · 3 months
Measurement and study conditions
- Controlled human study
- Randomized trial
- Single ingredient
- Patient group
- Primary outcome
- Between-group comparison
- Timepoint: 3 months
- Study comparison: Magnesium vs no supplements
fasting plasma glucose
Research with unclear study subject or type
- The study reported improvement in this measurement.Patient group · Single ingredient
Measurement and study conditions
- Meta-analysis
- Meta-analysis
- Single ingredient
- Patient group
- Outcome role not specified
- Between-group comparison
- Study subject not identified
- Timepoint: unspecified
- Study comparison: unspecified
Glycemic control
Research with unclear study subject or type
- A change was reported, but the comparison could not be confirmed.Patient group · Single ingredient
Measurement and study conditions
- Meta-analysis
- Meta-analysis
- Single ingredient
- Patient group
- Outcome role not specified
- Study subject not identified
- Timepoint: unspecified
- Study comparison: observational association between lower magnesium status and glycemic control; no magnesium suppleme
HBA1c
Human comparison research
- Comparison result:A better result than the comparison group was reported.Patient group · Single ingredient · 3 months
Measurement and study conditions
- Controlled human study
- Randomized trial
- Single ingredient
- Patient group
- Primary outcome
- Between-group comparison
- Timepoint: 3 months
- Study comparison: Magnesium vs no supplements
Other human research, including observational studies and reviews
- An association was observed. This does not establish that the ingredient caused the change.Deficiency group · Single ingredient · three months
Measurement and study conditions
- Observational study
- Observational study
- Single ingredient
- Deficiency group
- Biomarker
- Comparison unclear
- Timepoint: three months
- Study comparison: within-group before/after oral magnesium oxide among hypomagnesemic patients; no comparator reported
Research with unclear study subject or type
- A change was reported, but the comparison could not be confirmed.Patient group · Single ingredient
Measurement and study conditions
- Meta-analysis
- Meta-analysis
- Single ingredient
- Patient group
- Outcome role not specified
- Study subject not identified
- Timepoint: unspecified
- Study comparison: unspecified
Other measured outcomes (4)
HOMA.IR
- Comparison result:A better result than the comparison group was reported.Patient group · Single ingredient · 3 months
Measurement and study conditions
- Controlled human study
- Randomized trial
- Single ingredient
- Patient group
- Primary outcome
- Between-group comparison
- Timepoint: 3 months
- Study comparison: Magnesium vs no supplements
insulin levels
- Comparison result:A better result than the comparison group was reported.Patient group · Single ingredient · 3 months
Measurement and study conditions
- Controlled human study
- Randomized trial
- Single ingredient
- Patient group
- Primary outcome
- Between-group comparison
- Timepoint: 3 months
- Study comparison: Magnesium vs no supplements
Risk of metabolic syndrome
Research with unclear study subject or type
- A change was reported, but the comparison could not be confirmed.Single ingredient
Measurement and study conditions
- Meta-analysis
- Meta-analysis
- Single ingredient
- Unspecified population
- Outcome role not specified
- Study subject not identified
- Timepoint: unspecified
- Study comparison: unspecified
T2D
Research with unclear study subject or type
- A change was reported, but the comparison could not be confirmed.General population
Measurement and study conditions
- Meta-analysis
- Meta-analysis
- Unknown intervention
- General population
- Secondary outcome
- Study subject not identified
- Timepoint: long-term prospective cohort follow-up
- Study comparison: Prospective observational highest-versus-lowest magnesium intake association; supplementation was no
- A change was reported, but the comparison could not be confirmed.General population
Measurement and study conditions
- Meta-analysis
- Meta-analysis
- Unknown intervention
- General population
- Outcome role not specified
- Study subject not identified
- Timepoint: Cohort follow-up ranged from 4 to 30 years.
- Study comparison: Dose-response association per 100 mg/day higher dietary magnesium intake; observational, not a rando
This result is held for interpretation. That does not mean research found no effect.
Outcome groups needing additional review (1)
- HOMA.β% · Distinct papers needing additional review: 1Direction unclear: 1
One paper can appear under multiple measured outcomes or review reasons, so these counts should not be added together.
Research topics to explore
Research topics to explore
Review findings reported in each research area.
Topics with more linked papers appear first.
- View selected result
Glucose and metabolic health
Related papers 9 · human comparison papers 1
- View results
Stress and mood
Related papers 4 · comparison findings need further review
- DASS-42 stress subscale score · Interpretation held
- depression scores · Some studies included patients or people with a deficiency
More outcome groups: 2
- View results
Blood pressure and vascular health
Related papers 3 · comparison findings need further review
- BP · Some studies included patients or people with a deficiency · Comparison details unconfirmed
- View results
Bone, joint, and mobility
Related papers 3 · comparison findings need further review
- bone · Interpretation held
- View results
Blood lipids
Related papers 2 · comparison findings need further review
- serum lipids · Interpretation held
- View results
Sleep
Related papers 2 · human comparison papers 1
- Insomnia symptoms · Improvement reported · Some studies included patients or people with a deficiency
- Sleep onset latency · Some studies included patients or people with a deficiency
More outcome groups: 1
- View results
Cardiovascular events
Related papers 1 · comparison findings need further review
- risk of heart failure · Comparison details unconfirmed
- View results
Cognition
Related papers 1 · comparison findings need further review
- cognitive disorders · Comparison details unconfirmed
- View results
Digestion and gut health
Related papers 1 · human comparison papers 1
- primary endpoint · Improvement reported · Some studies included patients or people with a deficiency
- View results
Men's health
Related papers 1 · human comparison papers 1
- Testosterone concentration · Improvement reported · Some studies used more than one ingredient · Some studies included patients or people with a deficiency
- View results
Migraine and pain
Related papers 1 · human comparison papers 1
- headache frequency · Mixed results · Some studies included patients or people with a deficiency
- View results
Nutrient status
Related papers 1 · human comparison papers 1
- serum 25OHD concentrations · Improvement reported · Some studies used more than one ingredient
- View results
Women's health
Related papers 1 · comparison findings need further review
Data coverage and detailed study classifications
Paper counts are separated by research topic below. One paper may contribute to multiple findings.
Analysis status: Public-ready
Ingredient analysis date:
How the grade was determined: B
The 56.0 evidence score includes 0 independent human studies and 0 clinical studies in the representative benefit area. The B tier remains conservative because of limited repetition across independent human clinical studies, too few clinical findings with an explicit effect direction.
The grade is based mainly on the research area with the most evidence. It does not mean the same result was found in other areas.
Papers linked to this ingredient overall: 50
Papers linked to this topic 9 · distinct papers 9 · papers with a confirmed human comparison 1 · papers needing additional review 2
Ingredient-wide papers, topic-linked papers, and sources in outcome groups use different scopes. Adding source counts may count the same paper more than once.
- C-peptide: Sources represented in this measurement group: 1 · Distinct papers with human comparisons for this outcome: 1
- fasting plasma glucose: Sources represented in this measurement group: 1 · Distinct papers with human comparisons for this outcome: 0
- Glycemic control: Sources represented in this measurement group: 1 · Distinct papers with human comparisons for this outcome: 0
- HBA1c: Sources represented in this measurement group: 3 · Distinct papers with human comparisons for this outcome: 1
- HOMA.IR: Sources represented in this measurement group: 1 · Distinct papers with human comparisons for this outcome: 1
- HOMA.β%: Sources represented in this measurement group: 1 · Distinct papers with human comparisons for this outcome: 0
- insulin levels: Sources represented in this measurement group: 1 · Distinct papers with human comparisons for this outcome: 1
- Risk of metabolic syndrome: Sources represented in this measurement group: 1 · Distinct papers with human comparisons for this outcome: 0
- T2D: Sources represented in this measurement group: 2 · Distinct papers with human comparisons for this outcome: 0
Glucose and metabolic health
What the research found
C-peptide
The study reported improvement in this measurement.
Controlled study in people · Single ingredient · Patient group
Between-group comparison
Analysis coverage and paper counts
1 paper · 1 measured outcome
Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.
HbA1C
The study reported improvement in this measurement.
Controlled study in people · Single ingredient · Patient group
Between-group comparison
Analysis coverage and paper counts
1 paper · 1 measured outcome
Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.
HOMA.IR
The study reported improvement in this measurement.
Controlled study in people · Single ingredient · Patient group
Between-group comparison
Analysis coverage and paper counts
1 paper · 1 measured outcome
Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.
insulin levels
The study reported improvement in this measurement.
Controlled study in people · Single ingredient · Patient group
Between-group comparison
Analysis coverage and paper counts
1 paper · 1 measured outcome
Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.
fasting plasma glucose
The study reported improvement in this measurement.
Meta-analysis · Single ingredient · Patient group
Between-group comparison
Analysis coverage and paper counts
1 paper · 1 measured outcome
Review overlap with primary papers is unknown; counts stay separate.
Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.
HBA1c
An association was observed. This does not establish that the ingredient caused the change.
Observational study · Single ingredient · Deficiency group
The comparison could not be confirmed.
Analysis coverage and paper counts
1 paper · 1 measured outcome
Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.
Glycemic control
A change was reported, but the comparison could not be confirmed.
Meta-analysis · Single ingredient · Patient group
Analysis coverage and paper counts
1 paper · 1 measured outcome
Review overlap with primary papers is unknown; counts stay separate.
Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.
HbA1c
A change was reported, but the comparison could not be confirmed.
Meta-analysis · Single ingredient · Patient group
Analysis coverage and paper counts
1 paper · 1 measured outcome
Review overlap with primary papers is unknown; counts stay separate.
Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.
Risk of metabolic syndrome
A change was reported, but the comparison could not be confirmed.
Meta-analysis · Single ingredient · Unspecified population
Analysis coverage and paper counts
1 paper · 1 measured outcome
Review overlap with primary papers is unknown; counts stay separate.
Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.
T2D
A change was reported, but the comparison could not be confirmed.
Meta-analysis · Unknown intervention · General population
Analysis coverage and paper counts
1 paper · 1 measured outcome
Review overlap with primary papers is unknown; counts stay separate.
Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.
T2D
A change was reported, but the comparison could not be confirmed.
Meta-analysis · Unknown intervention · General population
Analysis coverage and paper counts
1 paper · 1 measured outcome
Review overlap with primary papers is unknown; counts stay separate.
Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.
HOMA.β%
The study needs further checking before its result can be interpreted.
Controlled study in people · Single ingredient · Patient group
Between-group comparison
Analysis coverage and paper counts
1 paper · 1 measured outcome
1 papers held from direction counts
Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.
Unspecified measured outcome
The study needs further checking before its result can be interpreted.
Controlled study in people · Ingredient combination · Patient group
Several ingredients were used together. This does not establish the effect of this ingredient alone or synergy.
Between-group comparison
Analysis coverage and paper counts
1 paper · 1 measured outcome
1 papers held from direction counts
Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.
Stress and mood
What the research found
depression scores
The study reported improvement in this measurement.
Review · Single ingredient · Patient group
Between-group comparison
Analysis coverage and paper counts
1 paper · 1 measured outcome
Review overlap with primary papers is unknown; counts stay separate.
Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.
depressive symptoms
The study reported improvement in this measurement.
Review · Single ingredient · Patient group
Between-group comparison
Analysis coverage and paper counts
1 paper · 1 measured outcome
Review overlap with primary papers is unknown; counts stay separate.
Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.
subjective anxiety outcomes
A change was reported, but the comparison could not be confirmed.
Review · Ingredient combination · Patient group
Several ingredients were used together. This does not establish the effect of this ingredient alone or synergy.
Analysis coverage and paper counts
1 paper · 1 measured outcome
Review overlap with primary papers is unknown; counts stay separate.
Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.
DASS-42 stress subscale score
The study needs further checking before its result can be interpreted.
Controlled study in people · Single ingredient · Deficiency group
Between-group comparison
Analysis coverage and paper counts
1 paper · 1 measured outcome
1 papers held from direction counts
Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.
Blood pressure and vascular health
What the research found
BP
A change was reported, but the comparison could not be confirmed.
Review · Single ingredient · Patient group
Analysis coverage and paper counts
1 paper · 1 measured outcome
Review overlap with primary papers is unknown; counts stay separate.
Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.
Unspecified measured outcome
The study needs further checking before its result can be interpreted.
Controlled study in people · Single ingredient · Unspecified population
Between-group comparison
Analysis coverage and paper counts
1 paper · 1 measured outcome
1 papers held from direction counts
Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.
Unspecified measured outcome
The study needs further checking before its result can be interpreted.
Meta-analysis · Single ingredient · Unspecified population
The comparison could not be confirmed.
Analysis coverage and paper counts
1 paper · 1 measured outcome
1 papers held from direction counts
Review overlap with primary papers is unknown; counts stay separate.
Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.
Bone, joint, and mobility
What the research found
bone
The study needs further checking before its result can be interpreted.
Review · Single ingredient · General population
The comparison could not be confirmed.
Analysis coverage and paper counts
1 paper · 1 measured outcome
1 papers held from direction counts
Review overlap with primary papers is unknown; counts stay separate.
Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.
Unspecified measured outcome
The study needs further checking before its result can be interpreted.
Meta-analysis · Single ingredient · Unspecified population
The comparison could not be confirmed.
Analysis coverage and paper counts
1 paper · 1 measured outcome
1 papers held from direction counts
Review overlap with primary papers is unknown; counts stay separate.
Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.
Unspecified measured outcome
The study needs further checking before its result can be interpreted.
Review · Unknown intervention · Patient group
The comparison could not be confirmed.
Analysis coverage and paper counts
1 paper · 1 measured outcome
1 papers held from direction counts
Review overlap with primary papers is unknown; counts stay separate.
Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.
Blood lipids
What the research found
serum lipids
The study needs further checking before its result can be interpreted.
Review · Unknown intervention · Patient group
The comparison could not be confirmed.
Analysis coverage and paper counts
1 paper · 1 measured outcome
1 papers held from direction counts
Review overlap with primary papers is unknown; counts stay separate.
Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.
Unspecified measured outcome
The study needs further checking before its result can be interpreted.
Meta-analysis · Ingredient combination · Patient group
Several ingredients were used together. This does not establish the effect of this ingredient alone or synergy.
Between-group comparison
Analysis coverage and paper counts
1 paper · 1 measured outcome
1 papers held from direction counts
Review overlap with primary papers is unknown; counts stay separate.
Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.
Sleep
What the research found
ISI score
The study reported improvement in this measurement.
Controlled study in people · Single ingredient · Patient group
Between-group comparison
Analysis coverage and paper counts
1 paper · 1 measured outcome
Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.
Sleep onset latency
The study reported improvement in this measurement.
Meta-analysis · Single ingredient · Patient group
Between-group comparison
Analysis coverage and paper counts
1 paper · 1 measured outcome
Review overlap with primary papers is unknown; counts stay separate.
Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.
Total sleep time
No clear difference in this measurement was found between the compared groups.
Meta-analysis · Single ingredient · Patient group
Between-group comparison
Analysis coverage and paper counts
1 paper · 1 measured outcome
Review overlap with primary papers is unknown; counts stay separate.
Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.
Cardiovascular events
What the research found
risk of heart failure
A change was reported, but the comparison could not be confirmed.
Meta-analysis · Unknown intervention · General population
Analysis coverage and paper counts
1 paper · 1 measured outcome
Review overlap with primary papers is unknown; counts stay separate.
Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.
Cognition
What the research found
cognitive disorders
A change was reported, but the comparison could not be confirmed.
Review · Unknown intervention · Unspecified population
Analysis coverage and paper counts
1 paper · 1 measured outcome
Review overlap with primary papers is unknown; counts stay separate.
Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.
Digestion and gut health
What the research found
primary endpoint
The study reported improvement in this measurement.
Controlled study in people · Single ingredient · Patient group
Between-group comparison
Analysis coverage and paper counts
1 paper · 1 measured outcome
Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.
Men's health
What the research found
Testosterone concentration
The study reported improvement in this measurement.
Controlled study in people · Ingredient combination · Patient group
Several ingredients were used together. This does not establish the effect of this ingredient alone or synergy.
Between-group comparison
Analysis coverage and paper counts
1 paper · 1 measured outcome
Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.
Migraine and pain
What the research found
headache frequency
Results for this measurement were mixed; no consistent conclusion can be drawn.
Controlled study in people · Separable contribution · Patient group
Between-group comparison
Analysis coverage and paper counts
1 paper · 1 measured outcome
Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.
Nutrient status
What the research found
serum 25OHD concentrations
The study reported improvement in this measurement.
Controlled study in people · Ingredient combination · General population
Several ingredients were used together. This does not establish the effect of this ingredient alone or synergy.
Between-group comparison
Analysis coverage and paper counts
1 paper · 1 measured outcome
Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.
Women's health
What the research found
Unspecified measured outcome
The study needs further checking before its result can be interpreted.
Controlled study in people · Ingredient combination · Unspecified population
Several ingredients were used together. This does not establish the effect of this ingredient alone or synergy.
The comparison could not be confirmed.
Analysis coverage and paper counts
1 paper · 1 measured outcome
1 papers held from direction counts
Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.
How to read research findings
How should I read research findings?
Research guidesNo clear difference and an uninterpretable result are different
A reported null comparison contains a result. An abstract without an interpretable comparison leaves a question unresolved.
Paper counts and study counts are different
Count original research separately from research that reanalyzes it. Publication volume is neither replication nor a quality rating.
Side effects and combination findings
Findings from this ingredient alone are shown separately from those involving another supplement or medication.
Caution findings
1
Findings from individual and combined use, plus reviewed cautions
Key precautions
No reviewed caution rules are available yet. Reported caution findings are shown below.
Review 5 combination findings and 0 findings that outperformed an ingredient alone.
These findings were reported in studies. They do not predict an individual's experience.
Findings to review with care
Side effects reported for the ingredient alone are separated from findings involving another supplement or medication.
Side effects reported with this ingredient alone
Symptoms or adverse events reported in studies without another active ingredient.
diarrhea leading to study discontinuation (tolerability)1 papers
In the randomized trial, the magnesium oxide group had a higher dropout rate than control (27% vs 17%), primarily due to diarrhea.Human studies · Randomized controlled trialReported improvements with combinations
Combination findings are grouped by how the study compared them. This is not a recommendation to combine ingredients.
Combinations with reported improvement
The combination showed improvement, but each ingredient's contribution is unclear.
비타민 B6In subjects with severe/extremely severe stress, the combination of magnesium and vitamin B6 resulted in a 24% greater improvement compared to magnesium alone (p=0.0203).
비타민 DCo-supplementation with Vitamin D and Magnesium resulted in significant improvements in behavioral function and mental health scores compared to placebo.
MelatoninCombined melatonin and magnesium supplementation was more effective in improving serum levels of insulin compared to baseline.
CholineCo-supplementation of choline and magnesium was more effective in improving inflammation and endothelial dysfunction than either alone.
아연Co-supplementation with magnesium oxide and zinc sulfate resulted in significant improvements in glycemic control, lipid profiles, and inflammatory markers compared to placebo.