Improvement after a supplement is not the same as a comparative result
Start with the comparison. A before-and-after change alone cannot isolate the contribution of an ingredient.
Inositol
Glucose and metabolic health
Human studies reported between-group improvement in Incidence of GDM; while Studies with an unspecified organism reported between-group improvement in Incidence of GDM.
Single-ingredient studies · Human studies · Includes patient groups · between-group comparison
Publications for this result: 3
Other outcomes and study details
Distinct publications linked to this topic: 30
- Study conditions differ; results are shown descriptively and are not pooled.
What has been studied?
Distinct human comparison papers: 4
Some studies tested several ingredients together. Those results cannot show this ingredient’s separate effect or establish synergy.
1-h-OGTT
Research with unclear study subject or type
- The study reported improvement in this measurement.General population · Single ingredient · pregnancy; durations varied
Measurement and study conditions
- Meta-analysis
- Meta-analysis
- Single ingredient
- General population
- Primary outcome
- Between-group comparison
- Study subject not identified
- Timepoint: pregnancy; durations varied
- Study comparison: pooled myo-inositol versus control
2-h-OGTT levels
Research with unclear study subject or type
- The study reported improvement in this measurement.General population · Single ingredient · pregnancy; durations varied
Measurement and study conditions
- Meta-analysis
- Meta-analysis
- Single ingredient
- General population
- Primary outcome
- Between-group comparison
- Study subject not identified
- Timepoint: pregnancy; durations varied
- Study comparison: pooled myo-inositol versus control
area under the plasma insulin curve
- Comparison result:No clear difference from the comparison group was found.Patient group · Single ingredient · Six to eight weeks
Measurement and study conditions
- Controlled human study
- Randomized trial
- Single ingredient
- Patient group
- Biomarker
- Between-group comparison
- Timepoint: Six to eight weeks
- Study comparison: D-chiro-inositol 1200 mg/day versus placebo; change difference was not significant (P=0.07)
fasting plasma glucose
Research with unclear study subject or type
- A change was reported, but the comparison could not be confirmed.
Measurement and study conditions
- Meta-analysis
- Meta-analysis
- Unknown intervention
- Unspecified population
- Primary outcome
- Study subject not identified
- Timepoint: not specified
- Study comparison: treatment-arm reduction in the meta-analysis; between-group contrast not stated in this result sente
Other measured outcomes (10)
fasting plasma glucose (FPG)
- Comparison result:A better result than the comparison group was reported.Patient group · Single ingredient · 12 weeks
Measurement and study conditions
- Controlled human study
- Randomized trial
- Single ingredient
- Patient group
- Biomarker
- Between-group comparison
- Timepoint: 12 weeks
- Study comparison: Myo-inositol versus active comparator metformin.
FG-OGTT
Research with unclear study subject or type
- The study reported improvement in this measurement.General population · Single ingredient · pregnancy; durations varied
Measurement and study conditions
- Meta-analysis
- Meta-analysis
- Single ingredient
- General population
- Primary outcome
- Between-group comparison
- Study subject not identified
- Timepoint: pregnancy; durations varied
- Study comparison: pooled myo-inositol versus control
Final body weight
Animal and cell research · indirect evidence
- A change was reported in animal or cell research.Single ingredient
Measurement and study conditions
- Animal study · indirect
- Single ingredient
- Unspecified population
- Outcome role not specified
- Comparison unclear
- Animal or cell research
- Timepoint: unspecified
- Study comparison: unspecified
glucose
Research with unclear study subject or type
- The study reported improvement in this measurement.Patient group · Combination study
Measurement and study conditions
- Other evidence
- Ingredient combination
- Patient group
- Outcome role not specified
- Between-group comparison
- Study subject not identified
- Timepoint: unspecified
- Study comparison: unspecified
glycemic indices
Other human research, including observational studies and reviews
- A change was reported before and after use. Its cause cannot be isolated.Patient group · Single ingredient · 8 weeks
Measurement and study conditions
- Controlled human study
- Randomized trial
- Single ingredient
- Patient group
- Outcome role not specified
- Within-group comparison
- Timepoint: 8 weeks
- Study comparison: MI group had the greatest reported within-group glycemic-index improvement (p<0.05); differences amo
homeostasis model of assessment-insulin resistance
- Comparison result:A better result than the comparison group was reported.Patient group · Single ingredient · 12 weeks
Measurement and study conditions
- Controlled human study
- Randomized trial
- Single ingredient
- Patient group
- Biomarker
- Between-group comparison
- Timepoint: 12 weeks
- Study comparison: Myo-inositol versus active comparator metformin.
Incidence of GDM
Human comparison research
- Comparison result:A better result than the comparison group was reported.General population · Separable contribution
Measurement and study conditions
- Controlled human study
- Randomized trial
- Separable contribution
- General population
- Primary outcome
- Between-group comparison
- Timepoint: From the end of the first trimester through pregnancy
- Study comparison: Myo-inositol plus folic acid versus folic acid plus placebo
- Comparison result:A better result than the comparison group was reported.Patient group · Separable contribution · until three weeks after delivery
Measurement and study conditions
- Controlled human study
- Randomized trial
- Separable contribution
- Patient group
- Primary outcome
- Between-group comparison
- Timepoint: until three weeks after delivery
- Between-group comparison
Research with unclear study subject or type
- The study reported improvement in this measurement.General population · Single ingredient · pregnancy; durations varied
Measurement and study conditions
- Meta-analysis
- Meta-analysis
- Single ingredient
- General population
- Primary outcome
- Between-group comparison
- Study subject not identified
- Timepoint: pregnancy; durations varied
- Study comparison: pooled myo-inositol versus control
Incidence of gestational diabetes
Research with unclear study subject or type
- The study reported improvement in this measurement.Patient group · Combination study
Measurement and study conditions
- Meta-analysis
- Meta-analysis
- Ingredient combination
- Patient group
- Outcome role not specified
- Between-group comparison
- Study subject not identified
- Timepoint: unspecified
- Study comparison: unspecified
quantitative insulin sensitivity check index
- Comparison result:A better result than the comparison group was reported.Patient group · Single ingredient · 12 weeks
Measurement and study conditions
- Controlled human study
- Randomized trial
- Single ingredient
- Patient group
- Biomarker
- Between-group comparison
- Timepoint: 12 weeks
- Study comparison: Myo-inositol versus active comparator metformin.
serum insulin levels
- Comparison result:A better result than the comparison group was reported.Patient group · Single ingredient · 12 weeks
Measurement and study conditions
- Controlled human study
- Randomized trial
- Single ingredient
- Patient group
- Biomarker
- Between-group comparison
- Timepoint: 12 weeks
- Study comparison: Myo-inositol versus active comparator metformin.
This result is held for interpretation. That does not mean research found no effect.
Outcome groups needing additional review (15)
- abnormal oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) · Distinct papers needing additional review: 1Evidence criteria check: 1
- area under the curve (AUC) of insulin values · Distinct papers needing additional review: 1Direction unclear: 1
- fasting insulin · Distinct papers needing additional review: 1Evidence criteria check: 1
- GDM · Distinct papers needing additional review: 1Evidence criteria check: 1
- HbA1c · Distinct papers needing additional review: 1Evidence criteria check: 1
- HOMA-IR · Distinct papers needing additional review: 1Evidence criteria check: 1
- homeostasis model assessment (HOMA) index · Distinct papers needing additional review: 1Evidence criteria check: 1
- insulin action · Distinct papers needing additional review: 1Evidence criteria check: 1
- insulin response to OGTT · Distinct papers needing additional review: 1Evidence criteria check: 1
- Insulin sensitivity · Distinct papers needing additional review: 1Direction unclear: 1
- insulin signaling pathway · Distinct papers needing additional review: 1Evidence criteria check: 1
- insulin-sensitizing activities · Distinct papers needing additional review: 1Direction unclear: 1
- MASLD · Distinct papers needing additional review: 1Direction unclear: 1
- metabolic and hormonal state · Distinct papers needing additional review: 1Evidence criteria check: 1
- metabolic measures · Distinct papers needing additional review: 1Evidence criteria check: 1
One paper can appear under multiple measured outcomes or review reasons, so these counts should not be added together.
Research topics to explore
Research topics to explore
Review findings reported in each research area.
Topics with more linked papers appear first.
- View selected result
Glucose and metabolic health
Related papers 30 · human comparison papers 4
- View results
Women's health
Related papers 16 · human comparison papers 1
- serum free testosterone · Improvement reported · Some studies included patients or people with a deficiency
- Clinical pregnancy rate · Some studies included patients or people with a deficiency · Comparison details unconfirmed
More outcome groups: 13
- View results
Men's health
Related papers 7 · comparison findings need further review
- LH · Interpretation held
- pregnancy · Interpretation held
More outcome groups: 4
- View results
Blood lipids
Related papers 1 · comparison findings need further review
- HDL Cholesterol · Interpretation held
- LDL cholesterol · Some studies included patients or people with a deficiency · Comparison details unconfirmed
- View results
Cognition
Related papers 1 · comparison findings need further review
- cognition · Interpretation held
- View results
Exercise performance
Related papers 1 · comparison findings need further review
Data coverage and detailed study classifications
Paper counts are separated by research topic below. One paper may contribute to multiple findings.
Analysis status: Public-ready
Ingredient analysis date:
How the grade was determined: B
The 54.3 evidence score includes 0 independent human studies and 0 clinical studies in the representative benefit area. The B tier remains conservative because of limited repetition across independent human clinical studies, too few clinical findings with an explicit effect direction.
The grade is based mainly on the research area with the most evidence. It does not mean the same result was found in other areas.
Papers linked to this ingredient overall: 101
Papers linked to this topic 30 · distinct papers 30 · papers with a confirmed human comparison 4 · papers needing additional review 20
Ingredient-wide papers, topic-linked papers, and sources in outcome groups use different scopes. Adding source counts may count the same paper more than once.
- 1-h-OGTT: Sources represented in this measurement group: 1 · Distinct papers with human comparisons for this outcome: 0
- 2-h-OGTT levels: Sources represented in this measurement group: 1 · Distinct papers with human comparisons for this outcome: 0
- abnormal oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT): Sources represented in this measurement group: 1 · Distinct papers with human comparisons for this outcome: 0
- area under the curve (AUC) of insulin values: Sources represented in this measurement group: 1 · Distinct papers with human comparisons for this outcome: 0
- area under the plasma insulin curve: Sources represented in this measurement group: 1 · Distinct papers with human comparisons for this outcome: 1
- fasting insulin: Sources represented in this measurement group: 1 · Distinct papers with human comparisons for this outcome: 0
- fasting plasma glucose: Sources represented in this measurement group: 1 · Distinct papers with human comparisons for this outcome: 0
- fasting plasma glucose (FPG): Sources represented in this measurement group: 1 · Distinct papers with human comparisons for this outcome: 1
- FG-OGTT: Sources represented in this measurement group: 1 · Distinct papers with human comparisons for this outcome: 0
- Final body weight: Sources represented in this measurement group: 1 · Distinct papers with human comparisons for this outcome: 0
- GDM: Sources represented in this measurement group: 1 · Distinct papers with human comparisons for this outcome: 0
- glucose: Sources represented in this measurement group: 1 · Distinct papers with human comparisons for this outcome: 0
- glycemic indices: Sources represented in this measurement group: 1 · Distinct papers with human comparisons for this outcome: 0
- HbA1c: Sources represented in this measurement group: 1 · Distinct papers with human comparisons for this outcome: 0
- HOMA-IR: Sources represented in this measurement group: 1 · Distinct papers with human comparisons for this outcome: 0
- homeostasis model assessment (HOMA) index: Sources represented in this measurement group: 1 · Distinct papers with human comparisons for this outcome: 0
- homeostasis model of assessment-insulin resistance: Sources represented in this measurement group: 1 · Distinct papers with human comparisons for this outcome: 1
- Incidence of GDM: Sources represented in this measurement group: 3 · Distinct papers with human comparisons for this outcome: 2
- Incidence of gestational diabetes: Sources represented in this measurement group: 1 · Distinct papers with human comparisons for this outcome: 0
- insulin action: Sources represented in this measurement group: 1 · Distinct papers with human comparisons for this outcome: 0
- insulin response to OGTT: Sources represented in this measurement group: 1 · Distinct papers with human comparisons for this outcome: 0
- Insulin sensitivity: Sources represented in this measurement group: 1 · Distinct papers with human comparisons for this outcome: 0
- insulin signaling pathway: Sources represented in this measurement group: 1 · Distinct papers with human comparisons for this outcome: 0
- insulin-sensitizing activities: Sources represented in this measurement group: 1 · Distinct papers with human comparisons for this outcome: 0
- MASLD: Sources represented in this measurement group: 1 · Distinct papers with human comparisons for this outcome: 0
- metabolic and hormonal state: Sources represented in this measurement group: 1 · Distinct papers with human comparisons for this outcome: 0
- metabolic measures: Sources represented in this measurement group: 1 · Distinct papers with human comparisons for this outcome: 0
- quantitative insulin sensitivity check index: Sources represented in this measurement group: 1 · Distinct papers with human comparisons for this outcome: 1
- serum insulin levels: Sources represented in this measurement group: 1 · Distinct papers with human comparisons for this outcome: 1
Glucose and metabolic health
What the research found
area under the plasma insulin curve
No clear difference in this measurement was found between the compared groups.
Controlled study in people · Single ingredient · Patient group
Between-group comparison
Analysis coverage and paper counts
1 paper · 1 measured outcome
Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.
fasting plasma glucose (FPG)
The study reported improvement in this measurement.
Controlled study in people · Single ingredient · Patient group
Between-group comparison
Analysis coverage and paper counts
1 paper · 1 measured outcome
Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.
glycemic indices
A change was reported before and after use. Its cause cannot be isolated.
Controlled study in people · Single ingredient · Patient group
Within-group comparison
Analysis coverage and paper counts
1 paper · 1 measured outcome
Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.
homeostasis model of assessment-insulin resistance
The study reported improvement in this measurement.
Controlled study in people · Single ingredient · Patient group
Between-group comparison
Analysis coverage and paper counts
1 paper · 1 measured outcome
Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.
Incidence of GDM
The study reported improvement in this measurement.
Controlled study in people · Separable contribution · General population
Between-group comparison
Analysis coverage and paper counts
1 paper · 1 measured outcome
Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.
incidence of GDM
The study reported improvement in this measurement.
Controlled study in people · Separable contribution · Patient group
Between-group comparison
Analysis coverage and paper counts
1 paper · 1 measured outcome
Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.
quantitative insulin sensitivity check index
The study reported improvement in this measurement.
Controlled study in people · Single ingredient · Patient group
Between-group comparison
Analysis coverage and paper counts
1 paper · 1 measured outcome
Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.
serum insulin levels
The study reported improvement in this measurement.
Controlled study in people · Single ingredient · Patient group
Between-group comparison
Analysis coverage and paper counts
1 paper · 1 measured outcome
Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.
1-h-OGTT
The study reported improvement in this measurement.
Meta-analysis · Single ingredient · General population
Between-group comparison
Analysis coverage and paper counts
1 paper · 1 measured outcome
Review overlap with primary papers is unknown; counts stay separate.
Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.
2-h-OGTT levels
The study reported improvement in this measurement.
Meta-analysis · Single ingredient · General population
Between-group comparison
Analysis coverage and paper counts
1 paper · 1 measured outcome
Review overlap with primary papers is unknown; counts stay separate.
Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.
FG-OGTT
The study reported improvement in this measurement.
Meta-analysis · Single ingredient · General population
Between-group comparison
Analysis coverage and paper counts
1 paper · 1 measured outcome
Review overlap with primary papers is unknown; counts stay separate.
Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.
glucose
The study reported improvement in this measurement.
Other evidence · Ingredient combination · Patient group
Several ingredients were used together. This does not establish the effect of this ingredient alone or synergy.
Between-group comparison
Analysis coverage and paper counts
1 paper · 1 measured outcome
Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.
incidence of GDM
The study reported improvement in this measurement.
Meta-analysis · Single ingredient · General population
Between-group comparison
Analysis coverage and paper counts
1 paper · 1 measured outcome
Review overlap with primary papers is unknown; counts stay separate.
Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.
Incidence of gestational diabetes
The study reported improvement in this measurement.
Meta-analysis · Ingredient combination · Patient group
Several ingredients were used together. This does not establish the effect of this ingredient alone or synergy.
Between-group comparison
Analysis coverage and paper counts
1 paper · 1 measured outcome
Review overlap with primary papers is unknown; counts stay separate.
Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.
fasting plasma glucose
A change was reported, but the comparison could not be confirmed.
Meta-analysis · Unknown intervention · Unspecified population
Analysis coverage and paper counts
1 paper · 1 measured outcome
Review overlap with primary papers is unknown; counts stay separate.
Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.
Final body weight
A change was reported in animal or cell research.
Animal study · indirect · Single ingredient · Unspecified population
This finding comes from animal or cell research. It does not establish the same effect in people.
The comparison could not be confirmed.
Analysis coverage and paper counts
1 paper · 1 measured outcome
Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.
abnormal oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT)
The study needs further checking before its result can be interpreted.
Controlled study in people · Separable contribution · Patient group
Between-group comparison
Analysis coverage and paper counts
1 paper · 1 measured outcome
1 papers held from direction counts
Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.
area under the curve (AUC) of insulin values
The study needs further checking before its result can be interpreted.
Controlled study in people · Single ingredient · Patient group
Between-group comparison
Analysis coverage and paper counts
1 paper · 1 measured outcome
1 papers held from direction counts
Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.
fasting insulin
The study needs further checking before its result can be interpreted.
Meta-analysis · Unknown intervention · Patient group
The comparison could not be confirmed.
Analysis coverage and paper counts
1 paper · 1 measured outcome
1 papers held from direction counts
Review overlap with primary papers is unknown; counts stay separate.
Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.
GDM
The study needs further checking before its result can be interpreted.
Meta-analysis · Unknown intervention · Patient group
Between-group comparison
Analysis coverage and paper counts
1 paper · 1 measured outcome
1 papers held from direction counts
Review overlap with primary papers is unknown; counts stay separate.
Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.
HbA1c
The study needs further checking before its result can be interpreted.
Other evidence · Ingredient combination · Patient group
Several ingredients were used together. This does not establish the effect of this ingredient alone or synergy.
Within-group comparison
Analysis coverage and paper counts
1 paper · 1 measured outcome
1 papers held from direction counts
Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.
HOMA-IR
The study needs further checking before its result can be interpreted.
Meta-analysis · Ingredient combination · Patient group
Several ingredients were used together. This does not establish the effect of this ingredient alone or synergy.
Between-group comparison
Analysis coverage and paper counts
1 paper · 1 measured outcome
1 papers held from direction counts
Review overlap with primary papers is unknown; counts stay separate.
Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.
homeostasis model assessment (HOMA) index
The study needs further checking before its result can be interpreted.
Meta-analysis · Unknown intervention · Patient group
The comparison could not be confirmed.
Analysis coverage and paper counts
1 paper · 1 measured outcome
1 papers held from direction counts
Review overlap with primary papers is unknown; counts stay separate.
Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.
insulin action
The study needs further checking before its result can be interpreted.
Review · Single ingredient · Patient group
The comparison could not be confirmed.
Analysis coverage and paper counts
1 paper · 1 measured outcome
1 papers held from direction counts
Review overlap with primary papers is unknown; counts stay separate.
Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.
insulin response to OGTT
The study needs further checking before its result can be interpreted.
Observational study · Ingredient combination · Patient group
Several ingredients were used together. This does not establish the effect of this ingredient alone or synergy.
The comparison could not be confirmed.
Analysis coverage and paper counts
1 paper · 1 measured outcome
1 papers held from direction counts
Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.
Insulin sensitivity
The study needs further checking before its result can be interpreted.
Controlled study in people · Unknown intervention · Patient group
Between-group comparison
Analysis coverage and paper counts
1 paper · 1 measured outcome
1 papers held from direction counts
Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.
insulin signaling pathway
The study needs further checking before its result can be interpreted.
Cell study · indirect · Single ingredient · Unspecified population
This finding comes from animal or cell research. It does not establish the same effect in people.
The comparison could not be confirmed.
Analysis coverage and paper counts
1 paper · 1 measured outcome
1 papers held from direction counts
Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.
insulin-sensitizing activities
The study needs further checking before its result can be interpreted.
Review · Single ingredient · Patient group
The comparison could not be confirmed.
Analysis coverage and paper counts
1 paper · 1 measured outcome
1 papers held from direction counts
Review overlap with primary papers is unknown; counts stay separate.
Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.
MASLD
The study needs further checking before its result can be interpreted.
Review · Unknown intervention · Patient group
The comparison could not be confirmed.
Analysis coverage and paper counts
1 paper · 1 measured outcome
1 papers held from direction counts
Review overlap with primary papers is unknown; counts stay separate.
Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.
metabolic and hormonal state
The study needs further checking before its result can be interpreted.
Review · Unknown intervention · Patient group
The comparison could not be confirmed.
Analysis coverage and paper counts
1 paper · 1 measured outcome
1 papers held from direction counts
Review overlap with primary papers is unknown; counts stay separate.
Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.
metabolic measures
The study needs further checking before its result can be interpreted.
Meta-analysis · Ingredient combination · Patient group
Several ingredients were used together. This does not establish the effect of this ingredient alone or synergy.
The comparison could not be confirmed.
Analysis coverage and paper counts
1 paper · 1 measured outcome
1 papers held from direction counts
Review overlap with primary papers is unknown; counts stay separate.
Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.
Unspecified measured outcome
The study needs further checking before its result can be interpreted.
Other evidence · Ingredient combination · Patient group
Several ingredients were used together. This does not establish the effect of this ingredient alone or synergy.
Between-group comparison
Analysis coverage and paper counts
1 paper · 1 measured outcome
1 papers held from direction counts
Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.
Unspecified measured outcome
The study needs further checking before its result can be interpreted.
Meta-analysis · Single ingredient · Patient group
Between-group comparison
Analysis coverage and paper counts
1 paper · 1 measured outcome
1 papers held from direction counts
Review overlap with primary papers is unknown; counts stay separate.
Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.
Unspecified measured outcome
The study needs further checking before its result can be interpreted.
Controlled human study · Unknown intervention · Unspecified population
The comparison could not be confirmed.
Analysis coverage and paper counts
1 paper · 1 measured outcome
1 papers held from direction counts
Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.
Unspecified measured outcome
The study needs further checking before its result can be interpreted.
Observational study · Unknown intervention · Unspecified population
The comparison could not be confirmed.
Analysis coverage and paper counts
1 paper · 1 measured outcome
1 papers held from direction counts
Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.
Unspecified measured outcome
The study needs further checking before its result can be interpreted.
Review · Unknown intervention · Patient group
The comparison could not be confirmed.
Analysis coverage and paper counts
2 papers · 2 measured outcomes
2 papers held from direction counts
Review overlap with primary papers is unknown; counts stay separate.
Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.
Women's health
What the research found
cycle length
A change was reported before and after use. Its cause cannot be isolated.
Controlled study in people · Ingredient combination · Patient group
Several ingredients were used together. This does not establish the effect of this ingredient alone or synergy.
Within-group comparison
Analysis coverage and paper counts
1 paper · 1 measured outcome
Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.
serum free testosterone
The study reported improvement in this measurement.
Controlled study in people · Single ingredient · Patient group
Between-group comparison
Analysis coverage and paper counts
1 paper · 1 measured outcome
Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.
hypertensive disorders of pregnancy
The study reported improvement in this measurement.
Meta-analysis · Unknown intervention · Patient group
Between-group comparison
Analysis coverage and paper counts
1 paper · 1 measured outcome
Review overlap with primary papers is unknown; counts stay separate.
Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.
regular menstrual cycle
The study reported improvement in this measurement.
Meta-analysis · Unknown intervention · Patient group
Between-group comparison
Analysis coverage and paper counts
1 paper · 1 measured outcome
Review overlap with primary papers is unknown; counts stay separate.
Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.
regular menstrual cycles
A change was reported before and after use. Its cause cannot be isolated.
Other evidence · Ingredient combination · Patient group
Several ingredients were used together. This does not establish the effect of this ingredient alone or synergy.
Within-group comparison
Analysis coverage and paper counts
1 paper · 1 measured outcome
Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.
Clinical pregnancy rate
A change was reported, but the comparison could not be confirmed.
Meta-analysis · Single ingredient · Patient group
Analysis coverage and paper counts
1 paper · 1 measured outcome
Review overlap with primary papers is unknown; counts stay separate.
Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.
incidence of gestational hypertension
A change was reported, but the comparison could not be confirmed.
Meta-analysis · Single ingredient · Patient group
Analysis coverage and paper counts
1 paper · 1 measured outcome
Review overlap with primary papers is unknown; counts stay separate.
Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.
decreases in fT
The study needs further checking before its result can be interpreted.
Other evidence · Ingredient combination · Patient group
Several ingredients were used together. This does not establish the effect of this ingredient alone or synergy.
Within-group comparison
Analysis coverage and paper counts
1 paper · 1 measured outcome
1 papers held from direction counts
Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.
large-for-gestational-age infant
The study needs further checking before its result can be interpreted.
Meta-analysis · Unknown intervention · Patient group
The comparison could not be confirmed.
Analysis coverage and paper counts
1 paper · 1 measured outcome
1 papers held from direction counts
Review overlap with primary papers is unknown; counts stay separate.
Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.
Menstrual cycle regularity
The study needs further checking before its result can be interpreted.
Controlled study in people · Ingredient combination · Patient group
Several ingredients were used together. This does not establish the effect of this ingredient alone or synergy.
The comparison could not be confirmed.
Analysis coverage and paper counts
1 paper · 1 measured outcome
1 papers held from direction counts
Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.
pregnancies
The study needs further checking before its result can be interpreted.
Controlled study in people · Single ingredient · Patient group
Between-group comparison
Analysis coverage and paper counts
1 paper · 1 measured outcome
1 papers held from direction counts
Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.
pregnancy
The study needs further checking before its result can be interpreted.
Controlled study in people · Ingredient combination · Patient group
Several ingredients were used together. This does not establish the effect of this ingredient alone or synergy.
Between-group comparison
Analysis coverage and paper counts
1 paper · 1 measured outcome
1 papers held from direction counts
Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.
spontaneous ovulation
The study needs further checking before its result can be interpreted.
Review · Unknown intervention · Patient group
The comparison could not be confirmed.
Analysis coverage and paper counts
1 paper · 1 measured outcome
1 papers held from direction counts
Review overlap with primary papers is unknown; counts stay separate.
Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.
symptomatic relief
The study needs further checking before its result can be interpreted.
Review · Unknown intervention · Patient group
The comparison could not be confirmed.
Analysis coverage and paper counts
1 paper · 1 measured outcome
1 papers held from direction counts
Review overlap with primary papers is unknown; counts stay separate.
Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.
total testosterone
The study needs further checking before its result can be interpreted.
Other evidence · Single ingredient · Patient group
Within-group comparison
Analysis coverage and paper counts
1 paper · 1 measured outcome
1 papers held from direction counts
Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.
Unspecified measured outcome
The study needs further checking before its result can be interpreted.
Controlled human study · Unknown intervention · Unspecified population
The comparison could not be confirmed.
Analysis coverage and paper counts
1 paper · 1 measured outcome
1 papers held from direction counts
Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.
Unspecified measured outcome
The study needs further checking before its result can be interpreted.
Other evidence · Unknown intervention · Unspecified population
The comparison could not be confirmed.
Analysis coverage and paper counts
1 paper · 1 measured outcome
1 papers held from direction counts
Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.
Men's health
What the research found
sperm motility
A change was reported before and after use. Its cause cannot be isolated.
Other evidence · Ingredient combination · Patient group
Several ingredients were used together. This does not establish the effect of this ingredient alone or synergy.
Within-group comparison
Analysis coverage and paper counts
1 paper · 1 measured outcome
Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.
testosterone
A change was reported before and after use. Its cause cannot be isolated.
Other evidence · Single ingredient · Patient group
Within-group comparison
Analysis coverage and paper counts
1 paper · 1 measured outcome
Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.
LH
The study needs further checking before its result can be interpreted.
Other evidence · Ingredient combination · Patient group
Several ingredients were used together. This does not establish the effect of this ingredient alone or synergy.
Between-group comparison
Analysis coverage and paper counts
1 paper · 1 measured outcome
1 papers held from direction counts
Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.
pregnancy
The study needs further checking before its result can be interpreted.
Other evidence · Single ingredient · Patient group
Between-group comparison
Analysis coverage and paper counts
1 paper · 1 measured outcome
1 papers held from direction counts
Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.
serum levels of testosterone
The study needs further checking before its result can be interpreted.
Other evidence · Single ingredient · General population
Within-group comparison
Analysis coverage and paper counts
1 paper · 1 measured outcome
1 papers held from direction counts
Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.
serum testosterone levels
The study needs further checking before its result can be interpreted.
Other evidence · Single ingredient · Patient group
The comparison could not be confirmed.
Analysis coverage and paper counts
1 paper · 1 measured outcome
1 papers held from direction counts
Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.
Unspecified measured outcome
The study needs further checking before its result can be interpreted.
Other evidence · Unknown intervention · Unspecified population
The comparison could not be confirmed.
Analysis coverage and paper counts
1 paper · 1 measured outcome
1 papers held from direction counts
Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.
Blood lipids
What the research found
LDL Cholesterol
A change was reported, but the comparison could not be confirmed.
Meta-analysis · Single ingredient · Patient group
Analysis coverage and paper counts
1 paper · 1 measured outcome
Review overlap with primary papers is unknown; counts stay separate.
Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.
HDL Cholesterol
The study needs further checking before its result can be interpreted.
Meta-analysis · Single ingredient · Patient group
The comparison could not be confirmed.
Analysis coverage and paper counts
1 paper · 1 measured outcome
1 papers held from direction counts
Review overlap with primary papers is unknown; counts stay separate.
Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.
Unspecified measured outcome
The study needs further checking before its result can be interpreted.
Meta-analysis · Single ingredient · Patient group
The comparison could not be confirmed.
Analysis coverage and paper counts
1 paper · 1 measured outcome
1 papers held from direction counts
Review overlap with primary papers is unknown; counts stay separate.
Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.
Unspecified measured outcome
The study needs further checking before its result can be interpreted.
Meta-analysis · Unknown intervention · Unspecified population
The comparison could not be confirmed.
Analysis coverage and paper counts
1 paper · 1 measured outcome
1 papers held from direction counts
Review overlap with primary papers is unknown; counts stay separate.
Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.
Cognition
What the research found
cognition
The study needs further checking before its result can be interpreted.
Review · Unknown intervention · Patient group
The comparison could not be confirmed.
Analysis coverage and paper counts
1 paper · 1 measured outcome
1 papers held from direction counts
Review overlap with primary papers is unknown; counts stay separate.
Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.
Exercise performance
What the research found
Unspecified measured outcome
The study needs further checking before its result can be interpreted.
Animal study · indirect · Single ingredient · Patient group
This finding comes from animal or cell research. It does not establish the same effect in people.
The comparison could not be confirmed.
Analysis coverage and paper counts
1 paper · 1 measured outcome
1 papers held from direction counts
Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.
How to read research findings
How should I read research findings?
Research guidesNo clear difference and an uninterpretable result are different
A reported null comparison contains a result. An abstract without an interpretable comparison leaves a question unresolved.
Paper counts and study counts are different
Count original research separately from research that reanalyzes it. Publication volume is neither replication nor a quality rating.
Side effects and combination findings
Findings from this ingredient alone are shown separately from those involving another supplement or medication.
Caution findings
1
Findings from individual and combined use, plus reviewed cautions
Key precautions
No reviewed caution rules are available yet. Reported caution findings are shown below.
Review 1 combination findings and 0 findings that outperformed an ingredient alone.
These findings were reported in studies. They do not predict an individual's experience.
Findings to review with care
Side effects reported for the ingredient alone are separated from findings involving another supplement or medication.
Side effects reported with this ingredient alone
Symptoms or adverse events reported in studies without another active ingredient.
serum testosterone levels1 papers
In young adult female mice, DCIns at 5 mg/day increased serum testosterone and altered ovarian histology, while 10–20 mg/day reduced testosterone and caused age‑like ovarian lesions, indicating potential toxicity at higher doses.Animal studies · Animal studyReported improvements with combinations
Combination findings are grouped by how the study compared them. This is not a recommendation to combine ingredients.
Combinations with reported improvement
The combination showed improvement, but each ingredient's contribution is unclear.
SeleniumCombined administration of myo-inositol and selenium significantly decreased TSH, TPOAb, and TgAb levels and enhanced thyroid hormones compared to baseline.