Improvement after a supplement is not the same as a comparative result
Start with the comparison. A before-and-after change alone cannot isolate the contribution of an ingredient.
HMB
Exercise performance
Human studies reported no clear between-group difference in 3-repetition maximum isoinertial strength.
Single-ingredient studies · Human studies · between-group comparison
Publications for this result: 1
Other outcomes and study details
Distinct publications linked to this topic: 17
- Route, form, dose, or population details are incomplete, so the findings cannot be confirmed as directly comparable.
What has been studied?
Distinct human comparison papers: 5
Some studies tested several ingredients together. Those results cannot show this ingredient’s separate effect or establish synergy.
3-repetition maximum isoinertial strength
- Comparison result:No clear difference from the comparison group was found.General population · Single ingredient · 3 and 6 weeks
Measurement and study conditions
- Controlled human study
- Randomized trial
- Single ingredient
- General population
- Primary outcome
- Between-group comparison
- Timepoint: 3 and 6 weeks
- Study comparison: HMB versus placebo during resistance training
aerobic power achieved at W8
- Comparison result:A better result than the comparison group was reported.General population · Combination study · 10 weeks
Measurement and study conditions
- Controlled human study
- Randomized trial
- Ingredient combination
- General population
- Primary outcome
- Between-group comparison
- Timepoint: 10 weeks
- Study comparison: CrM plus HMB versus placebo, CrM alone, or HMB alone; higher aerobic power at 8 mmol/L lactate
Endurance performance
Research with unclear study subject or type
- A change was reported, but the comparison could not be confirmed.Single ingredient
Measurement and study conditions
- Meta-analysis
- Meta-analysis
- Single ingredient
- Unspecified population
- Outcome role not specified
- Study subject not identified
- Timepoint: unspecified
- Study comparison: unspecified
grip strength
Other human research, including observational studies and reviews
- A change was reported, but the comparison could not be confirmed.Patient group · Separable contribution
Measurement and study conditions
- Controlled human study
- Randomized trial
- Separable contribution
- Patient group
- Outcome role not specified
- Timepoint: unspecified
- Study comparison: unspecified
Other measured outcomes (4)
MPS response
Other human research, including observational studies and reviews
- A change was reported before and after use. Its cause cannot be isolated.General population · Separable contribution · fasted to 3-hour fed state
Measurement and study conditions
- Controlled human study
- Randomized trial
- Separable contribution
- General population
- Mechanistic outcome
- Within-group comparison
- Timepoint: fasted to 3-hour fed state
- Study comparison: whey plus calcium-HMB versus whey alone in within-subject crossover
MQ
- Comparison result:No clear difference from the comparison group was found.Patient group · Single ingredient · 12 weeks.
Measurement and study conditions
- Controlled human study
- Randomized trial
- Single ingredient
- Patient group
- Primary outcome
- Between-group comparison
- Timepoint: 12 weeks.
- Study comparison: HMB supplementation did not significantly interact with resistance training on muscle quality; the s
muscle mass
- Comparison result:No clear difference from the comparison group was found.Patient group · Combination study
Measurement and study conditions
- Controlled human study
- Randomized trial
- Ingredient combination
- Patient group
- Outcome role not specified
- Between-group comparison
- Timepoint: unspecified
- Study comparison: unspecified
muscular strength
- Comparison result:No clear difference from the comparison group was found.Single ingredient
Measurement and study conditions
- Controlled human study
- Randomized trial
- Single ingredient
- Unspecified population
- Outcome role not specified
- Between-group comparison
- Timepoint: unspecified
- Study comparison: unspecified
This result is held for interpretation. That does not mean research found no effect.
Outcome groups needing additional review (5)
- changes in strength · Distinct papers needing additional review: 1Evidence criteria check: 1
- exercise induced skeletal muscle damage · Distinct papers needing additional review: 1Evidence criteria check: 1
- knee extensor peak torque · Distinct papers needing additional review: 1Evidence criteria check: 1
- muscular strength and endurance · Distinct papers needing additional review: 1Evidence criteria check: 1
- physical performance · Distinct papers needing additional review: 1Evidence criteria check: 1
One paper can appear under multiple measured outcomes or review reasons, so these counts should not be added together.
Research topics to explore
Research topics to explore
Review findings reported in each research area.
Topics with more linked papers appear first.
- View selected result
Exercise performance
Related papers 17 · human comparison papers 5
- View results
Glucose and metabolic health
Related papers 4 · human comparison papers 1
- AFM · Improvement reported · Some studies used more than one ingredient
- fat mass (FM) · Interpretation held
More outcome groups: 1
- View results
Bone, joint, and mobility
Related papers 1 · comparison findings need further review
- fat- and bone-free mass · Comparison details unconfirmed
- View results
Cognition
Related papers 1 · comparison findings need further review
- View results
Women's health
Related papers 1 · comparison findings need further review
- birth weight · Interpretation held
Data coverage and detailed study classifications
Paper counts are separated by research topic below. One paper may contribute to multiple findings.
Analysis status: Limited data
Ingredient analysis date:
How the grade was determined: C
The 29.2 evidence score includes 9 independent human studies and 8 clinical studies in the representative benefit area. The C tier remains conservative because of limited repetition across independent human clinical studies.
The grade is based mainly on the research area with the most evidence. It does not mean the same result was found in other areas.
Papers linked to this ingredient overall: 72
Papers linked to this topic 17 · distinct papers 17 · papers with a confirmed human comparison 5 · papers needing additional review 9
Ingredient-wide papers, topic-linked papers, and sources in outcome groups use different scopes. Adding source counts may count the same paper more than once.
- 3-repetition maximum isoinertial strength: Sources represented in this measurement group: 1 · Distinct papers with human comparisons for this outcome: 1
- aerobic power achieved at W8: Sources represented in this measurement group: 1 · Distinct papers with human comparisons for this outcome: 1
- changes in strength: Sources represented in this measurement group: 1 · Distinct papers with human comparisons for this outcome: 0
- Endurance performance: Sources represented in this measurement group: 1 · Distinct papers with human comparisons for this outcome: 0
- exercise induced skeletal muscle damage: Sources represented in this measurement group: 1 · Distinct papers with human comparisons for this outcome: 0
- grip strength: Sources represented in this measurement group: 1 · Distinct papers with human comparisons for this outcome: 0
- knee extensor peak torque: Sources represented in this measurement group: 1 · Distinct papers with human comparisons for this outcome: 0
- MPS response: Sources represented in this measurement group: 1 · Distinct papers with human comparisons for this outcome: 0
- MQ: Sources represented in this measurement group: 1 · Distinct papers with human comparisons for this outcome: 1
- muscle mass: Sources represented in this measurement group: 1 · Distinct papers with human comparisons for this outcome: 1
- muscular strength: Sources represented in this measurement group: 1 · Distinct papers with human comparisons for this outcome: 1
- muscular strength and endurance: Sources represented in this measurement group: 1 · Distinct papers with human comparisons for this outcome: 0
- physical performance: Sources represented in this measurement group: 1 · Distinct papers with human comparisons for this outcome: 0
Exercise performance
What the research found
3-repetition maximum isoinertial strength
No clear difference in this measurement was found between the compared groups.
Controlled study in people · Single ingredient · General population
Between-group comparison
Analysis coverage and paper counts
1 paper · 1 measured outcome
Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.
MQ
No clear difference in this measurement was found between the compared groups.
Controlled study in people · Single ingredient · Patient group
Between-group comparison
Analysis coverage and paper counts
1 paper · 1 measured outcome
Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.
muscle mass
No clear difference in this measurement was found between the compared groups.
Controlled study in people · Ingredient combination · Patient group
Several ingredients were used together. This does not establish the effect of this ingredient alone or synergy.
Between-group comparison
Analysis coverage and paper counts
1 paper · 1 measured outcome
Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.
muscular strength
No clear difference in this measurement was found between the compared groups.
Controlled study in people · Single ingredient · Unspecified population
Between-group comparison
Analysis coverage and paper counts
1 paper · 1 measured outcome
Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.
aerobic power achieved at W8
The study reported improvement in this measurement.
Controlled study in people · Ingredient combination · General population
Several ingredients were used together. This does not establish the effect of this ingredient alone or synergy.
Between-group comparison
Analysis coverage and paper counts
1 paper · 1 measured outcome
Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.
MPS response
A change was reported before and after use. Its cause cannot be isolated.
Controlled study in people · Separable contribution · General population
Within-group comparison
Analysis coverage and paper counts
1 paper · 1 measured outcome
Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.
Endurance performance
A change was reported, but the comparison could not be confirmed.
Meta-analysis · Single ingredient · Unspecified population
Analysis coverage and paper counts
1 paper · 1 measured outcome
Review overlap with primary papers is unknown; counts stay separate.
Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.
grip strength
A change was reported, but the comparison could not be confirmed.
Controlled study in people · Separable contribution · Patient group
Analysis coverage and paper counts
1 paper · 1 measured outcome
Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.
changes in strength
The study needs further checking before its result can be interpreted.
Review · Single ingredient · General population
The comparison could not be confirmed.
Analysis coverage and paper counts
1 paper · 1 measured outcome
1 papers held from direction counts
Review overlap with primary papers is unknown; counts stay separate.
Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.
exercise induced skeletal muscle damage
The study needs further checking before its result can be interpreted.
Review · Single ingredient · General population
The comparison could not be confirmed.
Analysis coverage and paper counts
1 paper · 1 measured outcome
1 papers held from direction counts
Review overlap with primary papers is unknown; counts stay separate.
Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.
knee extensor peak torque
The study needs further checking before its result can be interpreted.
Controlled study in people · Ingredient combination · General population
Several ingredients were used together. This does not establish the effect of this ingredient alone or synergy.
Between-group comparison
Analysis coverage and paper counts
1 paper · 1 measured outcome
1 papers held from direction counts
Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.
muscular strength and endurance
The study needs further checking before its result can be interpreted.
Controlled study in people · Single ingredient · General population
Between-group comparison
Analysis coverage and paper counts
1 paper · 1 measured outcome
1 papers held from direction counts
Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.
physical performance
The study needs further checking before its result can be interpreted.
Meta-analysis · Separable contribution · General population
Between-group comparison
Analysis coverage and paper counts
1 paper · 1 measured outcome
1 papers held from direction counts
Review overlap with primary papers is unknown; counts stay separate.
Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.
Unspecified measured outcome
The study needs further checking before its result can be interpreted.
Controlled study in people · Ingredient combination · Patient group
Several ingredients were used together. This does not establish the effect of this ingredient alone or synergy.
The comparison could not be confirmed.
Analysis coverage and paper counts
1 paper · 1 measured outcome
1 papers held from direction counts
Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.
Unspecified measured outcome
The study needs further checking before its result can be interpreted.
Other evidence · Ingredient combination · Unspecified population
Several ingredients were used together. This does not establish the effect of this ingredient alone or synergy.
The comparison could not be confirmed.
Analysis coverage and paper counts
1 paper · 1 measured outcome
1 papers held from direction counts
Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.
Unspecified measured outcome
The study needs further checking before its result can be interpreted.
Controlled study in people · Single ingredient · Unspecified population
Between-group comparison
Analysis coverage and paper counts
1 paper · 1 measured outcome
1 papers held from direction counts
Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.
Unspecified measured outcome
The study needs further checking before its result can be interpreted.
Other evidence · Single ingredient · Unspecified population
Between-group comparison
Analysis coverage and paper counts
1 paper · 1 measured outcome
1 papers held from direction counts
Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.
Glucose and metabolic health
What the research found
AFM
The study reported improvement in this measurement.
Controlled study in people · Ingredient combination · General population
Several ingredients were used together. This does not establish the effect of this ingredient alone or synergy.
Between-group comparison
Analysis coverage and paper counts
1 paper · 1 measured outcome
Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.
fat mass (FM)
The study needs further checking before its result can be interpreted.
Review · Ingredient combination · General population
Several ingredients were used together. This does not establish the effect of this ingredient alone or synergy.
The comparison could not be confirmed.
Analysis coverage and paper counts
1 paper · 1 measured outcome
1 papers held from direction counts
Review overlap with primary papers is unknown; counts stay separate.
Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.
insulin area-under-the-curve
The study needs further checking before its result can be interpreted.
Controlled study in people · Single ingredient · General population
Within-group comparison
Analysis coverage and paper counts
1 paper · 1 measured outcome
1 papers held from direction counts
Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.
Unspecified measured outcome
The study needs further checking before its result can be interpreted.
Controlled study in people · Single ingredient · Unspecified population
Between-group comparison
Analysis coverage and paper counts
1 paper · 1 measured outcome
1 papers held from direction counts
Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.
Bone, joint, and mobility
What the research found
fat- and bone-free mass
A change was reported, but the comparison could not be confirmed.
Controlled study in people · Single ingredient · Unspecified population
Analysis coverage and paper counts
1 paper · 1 measured outcome
Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.
Cognition
What the research found
Unspecified measured outcome
The study needs further checking before its result can be interpreted.
Controlled study in people · Single ingredient · Unspecified population
The comparison could not be confirmed.
Analysis coverage and paper counts
1 paper · 1 measured outcome
1 papers held from direction counts
Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.
Women's health
What the research found
birth weight
The study needs further checking before its result can be interpreted.
Animal study · indirect · Single ingredient · Unspecified population
This finding comes from animal or cell research. It does not establish the same effect in people.
The comparison could not be confirmed.
Analysis coverage and paper counts
1 paper · 1 measured outcome
1 papers held from direction counts
Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.
How to read research findings
How should I read research findings?
Research guidesNo clear difference and an uninterpretable result are different
A reported null comparison contains a result. An abstract without an interpretable comparison leaves a question unresolved.
Paper counts and study counts are different
Count original research separately from research that reanalyzes it. Publication volume is neither replication nor a quality rating.
Side effects and combination findings
Findings from this ingredient alone are shown separately from those involving another supplement or medication.
Caution findings
0
Findings from individual and combined use, plus reviewed cautions
Key precautions
No combination cautions are available to show in the current data. This does not guarantee safety.
Review 1 combination findings and 0 findings that outperformed an ingredient alone.
These findings were reported in studies. They do not predict an individual's experience.
Reported improvements with combinations
Combination findings are grouped by how the study compared them. This is not a recommendation to combine ingredients.
Combinations with reported improvement
The combination showed improvement, but each ingredient's contribution is unclear.
크레아틴Combined supplementation of HMB and Creatine monohydrate showed a synergistic effect on aerobic power at W8, W4, and WAT compared to the sum of effects from single supplements.