Improvement after a supplement is not the same as a comparative result
Start with the comparison. A before-and-after change alone cannot isolate the contribution of an ingredient.
Chromium
Glucose and metabolic health
Partial research summary
Human studies reported both between-group improvement and no clear between-group difference for Body weight; while Studies with an unspecified organism reported a change with no confirmed comparison group in Body weight.
Single-ingredient studies · Human studies · Includes patient groups · Population not specified · between-group comparison · comparator not confirmed
Publications for this result: 5 (1 awaiting review included)
Other outcomes and study details
Distinct publications linked to this topic: 45
- Study conditions differ; results are shown descriptively and are not pooled.
- Some publications have not cleared source or interpretation review.
- Some papers could not be reviewed, so this summary covers only findings that could be confirmed.
What has been studied?
Distinct human comparison papers: 13
Some studies tested several ingredients together. Those results cannot show this ingredient’s separate effect or establish synergy.
Acute insulin response to glucose
Other human research, including observational studies and reviews
- A change was reported, but the comparison could not be confirmed.Patient group · Single ingredient
Measurement and study conditions
- Controlled human study
- Randomized trial
- Single ingredient
- Patient group
- Outcome role not specified
- Timepoint: unspecified
- Study comparison: unspecified
blood glucose
Research with unclear study subject or type
- A change was reported, but the comparison could not be confirmed.Patient group · Single ingredient
Measurement and study conditions
- Review
- Systematic review
- Single ingredient
- Patient group
- Outcome role not specified
- Study subject not identified
- Timepoint: unspecified
- Study comparison: systematic review across heterogeneous clinical trials; no pooled estimate in abstract
Body weight
Human comparison research
- Comparison result:A better result than the comparison group was reported.Patient group · Single ingredient
Measurement and study conditions
- Controlled human study
- Randomized trial
- Single ingredient
- Patient group
- Outcome role not specified
- Between-group comparison
- Timepoint: unspecified
- Study comparison: unspecified
- Comparison result:No clear difference from the comparison group was found.Single ingredient
Measurement and study conditions
- Controlled human study
- Randomized trial
- Single ingredient
- Unspecified population
- Outcome role not specified
- Between-group comparison
- Timepoint: unspecified
- Study comparison: unspecified
Research with unclear study subject or type
- A change was reported, but the comparison could not be confirmed.Single ingredient
Measurement and study conditions
- Meta-analysis
- Meta-analysis
- Single ingredient
- Unspecified population
- Primary outcome
- Study subject not identified
- Timepoint: unspecified
- Study comparison: Chromium picolinate versus placebo in ten randomized double-blind trials; pooled effect was sensitiv
- A change was reported, but the comparison could not be confirmed.Patient group · Single ingredient
Measurement and study conditions
- Review
- Systematic review
- Single ingredient
- Patient group
- Outcome role not specified
- Study subject not identified
- Timepoint: unspecified
- Study comparison: systematic review across heterogeneous clinical trials; no pooled estimate in abstract
FPG
Other human research, including observational studies and reviews
- A change was reported before and after use. Its cause cannot be isolated.Patient group · Combination study · 3 months
Measurement and study conditions
- Controlled human study
- Randomized trial
- Ingredient combination
- Patient group
- Secondary outcome
- Within-group comparison
- Timepoint: 3 months
- Within-group comparison
- A change was reported before and after use. Its cause cannot be isolated.Patient group · Single ingredient
Measurement and study conditions
- Other evidence
- Clinical trial
- Single ingredient
- Patient group
- Outcome role not specified
- Within-group comparison
- Timepoint: after first 2-week supplementation period
- Study comparison: within-person changes across chromium dose periods and washout; no control group
Other measured outcomes (12)
glucose tolerance
- Comparison result:A better result than the comparison group was reported.Patient group · Single ingredient
Measurement and study conditions
- Controlled human study
- Randomized trial
- Single ingredient
- Patient group
- Outcome role not specified
- Between-group comparison
- Timepoint: unspecified
- Study comparison: unspecified
glucoseAUC
- Comparison result:Results were mixed for this outcome.Patient group · Single ingredient · Six months
Measurement and study conditions
- Controlled human study
- Randomized trial
- Single ingredient
- Patient group
- Primary outcome
- Between-group comparison
- Timepoint: Six months
- Study comparison: Moderate-dose CrPic versus high-dose CrPic and placebo
Hb A(1c)
Research with unclear study subject or type
- A change was reported, but the comparison could not be confirmed.Patient group · Single ingredient
Measurement and study conditions
- Meta-analysis
- Meta-analysis
- Single ingredient
- Patient group
- Primary outcome
- Study subject not identified
- Timepoint: unspecified
- Study comparison: not reported for the single diabetes study reporting a significant HbA1c decrease
HbA1c
- Comparison result:A better result than the comparison group was reported.Patient group · Single ingredient
Measurement and study conditions
- Controlled human study
- Randomized trial
- Single ingredient
- Patient group
- Outcome role not specified
- Between-group comparison
- Timepoint: unspecified
- Study comparison: unspecified
HOMA
- Comparison result:A better result than the comparison group was reported.Patient group · Single ingredient · six weeks
Measurement and study conditions
- Controlled human study
- Randomized trial
- Single ingredient
- Patient group
- Secondary outcome
- Between-group comparison
- Timepoint: six weeks
- Study comparison: chromium chloride vs placebo, both with lifestyle modification
incremental area under the curve (AUC) for capillary glucose
- Comparison result:Results were mixed for this outcome.General population · Single ingredient · Postprandial after test meals
Measurement and study conditions
- Controlled human study
- Randomized trial
- Single ingredient
- General population
- Secondary outcome
- Between-group comparison
- Timepoint: Postprandial after test meals
- Study comparison: Chromium picolinate meal versus white-bread placebo meal.
insulin action
- Comparison result:Results were mixed for this outcome.Patient group · Single ingredient · study period unspecified
Measurement and study conditions
- Controlled human study
- Randomized trial
- Single ingredient
- Patient group
- Primary outcome
- Between-group comparison
- Timepoint: study period unspecified
- Study comparison: chromium versus placebo; response varied by baseline phenotype
Insulin Resistance
- Comparison result:A better result than the comparison group was reported.Patient group · Combination study
Measurement and study conditions
- Controlled human study
- Randomized trial
- Ingredient combination
- Patient group
- Outcome role not specified
- Between-group comparison
- Timepoint: unspecified
- Study comparison: unspecified
Insulin sensitivity
- Comparison result:No clear difference from the comparison group was found.Single ingredient
Measurement and study conditions
- Controlled human study
- Randomized trial
- Single ingredient
- Unspecified population
- Outcome role not specified
- Between-group comparison
- Timepoint: unspecified
- Study comparison: unspecified
QUICKI
- Comparison result:A better result than the comparison group was reported.Patient group · Single ingredient · six weeks
Measurement and study conditions
- Controlled human study
- Randomized trial
- Single ingredient
- Patient group
- Secondary outcome
- Between-group comparison
- Timepoint: six weeks
- Study comparison: chromium chloride vs placebo, both with lifestyle modification
Serum insulin
- Comparison result:A better result than the comparison group was reported.Patient group · Single ingredient
Measurement and study conditions
- Controlled human study
- Randomized trial
- Single ingredient
- Patient group
- Outcome role not specified
- Between-group comparison
- Timepoint: unspecified
- Study comparison: unspecified
venous blood glucose iAUC0-120min
- Comparison result:A better result than the comparison group was reported.General population · Combination study · 0–120 minutes postprandial
Measurement and study conditions
- Controlled human study
- Randomized trial
- Ingredient combination
- General population
- Primary outcome
- Between-group comparison
- Timepoint: 0–120 minutes postprandial
- Study comparison: Combination supplement drink vs placebo
This result is held for interpretation. That does not mean research found no effect.
Outcome groups needing additional review (9)
- adiposity index · Distinct papers needing additional review: 1Evidence criteria check: 1
- BG · Distinct papers needing additional review: 1Evidence criteria check: 1
- fasting blood glucose level · Distinct papers needing additional review: 1Direction unclear: 1
- FBS · Distinct papers needing additional review: 1Evidence criteria check: 1
- glycemic status · Distinct papers needing additional review: 1Evidence criteria check: 1
- HbA(1)C values · Distinct papers needing additional review: 1Direction unclear: 1
- HOMA-IR · Distinct papers needing additional review: 1Evidence criteria check: 1
- phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase · Distinct papers needing additional review: 1Direction unclear: 1
- total area under the curve for glucose · Distinct papers needing additional review: 1Evidence criteria check: 1
One paper can appear under multiple measured outcomes or review reasons, so these counts should not be added together.
Research topics to explore
Research topics to explore
Review findings reported in each research area.
Topics with more linked papers appear first.
- View selected result
Glucose and metabolic health
Related papers 45 · human comparison papers 13
- View results
Blood lipids
Related papers 5 · comparison findings need further review
- dyslipidemia · Some studies included patients or people with a deficiency · Comparison details unconfirmed
- HDL levels · Interpretation held
More outcome groups: 2
- View results
Stress and mood
Related papers 2 · comparison findings need further review
- mood symptoms · Interpretation held
- View results
Cardiovascular events
Related papers 1 · comparison findings need further review
- time to 50% relaxation · Interpretation held
- View results
Cognition
Related papers 1 · comparison findings need further review
- Attention and Working Memory · Some studies used more than one ingredient · Comparison details unconfirmed
- View results
Exercise performance
Related papers 1 · human comparison papers 1
- maximal strength · No clear difference between groups
Data coverage and detailed study classifications
Paper counts are separated by research topic below. One paper may contribute to multiple findings.
Analysis status: Public-ready
Ingredient analysis date:
How the grade was determined: B
The 63.0 evidence score includes 0 independent human studies and 0 clinical studies in the representative benefit area. The B tier remains conservative because of limited repetition across independent human clinical studies, too few clinical findings with an explicit effect direction.
The grade is based mainly on the research area with the most evidence. It does not mean the same result was found in other areas.
Papers linked to this ingredient overall: 86
Papers linked to this topic 45 · distinct papers 45 · papers with a confirmed human comparison 13 · papers needing additional review 26
Ingredient-wide papers, topic-linked papers, and sources in outcome groups use different scopes. Adding source counts may count the same paper more than once.
- Acute insulin response to glucose: Sources represented in this measurement group: 1 · Distinct papers with human comparisons for this outcome: 0
- adiposity index: Sources represented in this measurement group: 1 · Distinct papers with human comparisons for this outcome: 0
- BG: Sources represented in this measurement group: 1 · Distinct papers with human comparisons for this outcome: 0
- blood glucose: Sources represented in this measurement group: 2 · Distinct papers with human comparisons for this outcome: 0
- Body weight: Sources represented in this measurement group: 5 · Distinct papers with human comparisons for this outcome: 2
- fasting blood glucose level: Sources represented in this measurement group: 1 · Distinct papers with human comparisons for this outcome: 0
- FBS: Sources represented in this measurement group: 1 · Distinct papers with human comparisons for this outcome: 0
- FPG: Sources represented in this measurement group: 3 · Distinct papers with human comparisons for this outcome: 0
- glucose tolerance: Sources represented in this measurement group: 3 · Distinct papers with human comparisons for this outcome: 1
- glucoseAUC: Sources represented in this measurement group: 1 · Distinct papers with human comparisons for this outcome: 1
- glycemic status: Sources represented in this measurement group: 1 · Distinct papers with human comparisons for this outcome: 0
- Hb A(1c): Sources represented in this measurement group: 1 · Distinct papers with human comparisons for this outcome: 0
- HbA(1)C values: Sources represented in this measurement group: 1 · Distinct papers with human comparisons for this outcome: 0
- HbA1c: Sources represented in this measurement group: 3 · Distinct papers with human comparisons for this outcome: 2
- HOMA: Sources represented in this measurement group: 1 · Distinct papers with human comparisons for this outcome: 1
- HOMA-IR: Sources represented in this measurement group: 1 · Distinct papers with human comparisons for this outcome: 0
- incremental area under the curve (AUC) for capillary glucose: Sources represented in this measurement group: 1 · Distinct papers with human comparisons for this outcome: 1
- insulin action: Sources represented in this measurement group: 1 · Distinct papers with human comparisons for this outcome: 1
- Insulin Resistance: Sources represented in this measurement group: 4 · Distinct papers with human comparisons for this outcome: 1
- Insulin sensitivity: Sources represented in this measurement group: 2 · Distinct papers with human comparisons for this outcome: 1
- phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase: Sources represented in this measurement group: 1 · Distinct papers with human comparisons for this outcome: 0
- QUICKI: Sources represented in this measurement group: 1 · Distinct papers with human comparisons for this outcome: 1
- Serum insulin: Sources represented in this measurement group: 1 · Distinct papers with human comparisons for this outcome: 1
- total area under the curve for glucose: Sources represented in this measurement group: 1 · Distinct papers with human comparisons for this outcome: 0
- venous blood glucose iAUC0-120min: Sources represented in this measurement group: 1 · Distinct papers with human comparisons for this outcome: 1
Glucose and metabolic health
What the research found
Body weight
No clear difference in this measurement was found between the compared groups.
Controlled study in people · Single ingredient · Unspecified population
Between-group comparison
Analysis coverage and paper counts
1 paper · 1 measured outcome
Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.
glucoseAUC
Results for this measurement were mixed; no consistent conclusion can be drawn.
Controlled study in people · Single ingredient · Patient group
Between-group comparison
Analysis coverage and paper counts
1 paper · 1 measured outcome
Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.
incremental area under the curve (AUC) for capillary glucose
Results for this measurement were mixed; no consistent conclusion can be drawn.
Controlled study in people · Single ingredient · General population
Between-group comparison
Analysis coverage and paper counts
1 paper · 1 measured outcome
Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.
insulin action
Results for this measurement were mixed; no consistent conclusion can be drawn.
Controlled study in people · Single ingredient · Patient group
Between-group comparison
Analysis coverage and paper counts
1 paper · 1 measured outcome
Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.
Insulin sensitivity
No clear difference in this measurement was found between the compared groups.
Controlled study in people · Single ingredient · Unspecified population
Between-group comparison
Analysis coverage and paper counts
1 paper · 1 measured outcome
Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.
body weight
The study reported improvement in this measurement.
Controlled study in people · Single ingredient · Patient group
Between-group comparison
Analysis coverage and paper counts
2 papers · 2 measured outcomes
1 papers held from direction counts
Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.
FPG
A change was reported before and after use. Its cause cannot be isolated.
Controlled study in people · Ingredient combination · Patient group
Several ingredients were used together. This does not establish the effect of this ingredient alone or synergy.
Within-group comparison
Analysis coverage and paper counts
1 paper · 1 measured outcome
Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.
glucose tolerance
The study reported improvement in this measurement.
Controlled study in people · Single ingredient · Patient group
Between-group comparison
Analysis coverage and paper counts
1 paper · 1 measured outcome
Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.
HbA1c
The study reported improvement in this measurement.
Controlled study in people · Single ingredient · Patient group
Between-group comparison
Analysis coverage and paper counts
2 papers · 2 measured outcomes
Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.
HOMA
The study reported improvement in this measurement.
Controlled study in people · Single ingredient · Patient group
Between-group comparison
Analysis coverage and paper counts
1 paper · 1 measured outcome
Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.
Insulin resistance
The study reported improvement in this measurement.
Controlled study in people · Ingredient combination · Patient group
Several ingredients were used together. This does not establish the effect of this ingredient alone or synergy.
Between-group comparison
Analysis coverage and paper counts
1 paper · 1 measured outcome
Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.
QUICKI
The study reported improvement in this measurement.
Controlled study in people · Single ingredient · Patient group
Between-group comparison
Analysis coverage and paper counts
1 paper · 1 measured outcome
Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.
Serum insulin
The study reported improvement in this measurement.
Controlled study in people · Single ingredient · Patient group
Between-group comparison
Analysis coverage and paper counts
1 paper · 1 measured outcome
Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.
venous blood glucose iAUC0-120min
The study reported improvement in this measurement.
Controlled study in people · Ingredient combination · General population
Several ingredients were used together. This does not establish the effect of this ingredient alone or synergy.
Between-group comparison
Analysis coverage and paper counts
1 paper · 1 measured outcome
Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.
FPG
A change was reported before and after use. Its cause cannot be isolated.
Other evidence · Single ingredient · Patient group
Within-group comparison
Analysis coverage and paper counts
1 paper · 1 measured outcome
Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.
Acute insulin response to glucose
A change was reported, but the comparison could not be confirmed.
Controlled study in people · Single ingredient · Patient group
Analysis coverage and paper counts
1 paper · 1 measured outcome
Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.
blood glucose
A change was reported, but the comparison could not be confirmed.
Review · Single ingredient · Patient group
Analysis coverage and paper counts
1 paper · 1 measured outcome
Review overlap with primary papers is unknown; counts stay separate.
Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.
body weight
A change was reported, but the comparison could not be confirmed.
Meta-analysis · Single ingredient · Unspecified population
Analysis coverage and paper counts
1 paper · 1 measured outcome
Review overlap with primary papers is unknown; counts stay separate.
Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.
body weight
A change was reported, but the comparison could not be confirmed.
Review · Single ingredient · Patient group
Analysis coverage and paper counts
1 paper · 1 measured outcome
Review overlap with primary papers is unknown; counts stay separate.
Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.
Hb A(1c)
A change was reported, but the comparison could not be confirmed.
Meta-analysis · Single ingredient · Patient group
Analysis coverage and paper counts
1 paper · 1 measured outcome
Review overlap with primary papers is unknown; counts stay separate.
Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.
adiposity index
The study needs further checking before its result can be interpreted.
Animal study · indirect · Ingredient combination · Patient group
This finding comes from animal or cell research. It does not establish the same effect in people.
Several ingredients were used together. This does not establish the effect of this ingredient alone or synergy.
The comparison could not be confirmed.
Analysis coverage and paper counts
1 paper · 1 measured outcome
1 papers held from direction counts
Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.
BG
The study needs further checking before its result can be interpreted.
Animal study · indirect · Single ingredient · General population
This finding comes from animal or cell research. It does not establish the same effect in people.
The comparison could not be confirmed.
Analysis coverage and paper counts
1 paper · 1 measured outcome
1 papers held from direction counts
Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.
blood glucose
The study needs further checking before its result can be interpreted.
Animal study · indirect · Ingredient combination · Patient group
This finding comes from animal or cell research. It does not establish the same effect in people.
Several ingredients were used together. This does not establish the effect of this ingredient alone or synergy.
Between-group comparison
Analysis coverage and paper counts
1 paper · 1 measured outcome
1 papers held from direction counts
Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.
fasting blood glucose level
The study needs further checking before its result can be interpreted.
Controlled study in people · Separable contribution · Patient group
Between-group comparison
Analysis coverage and paper counts
1 paper · 1 measured outcome
1 papers held from direction counts
Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.
FBS
The study needs further checking before its result can be interpreted.
Controlled study in people · Single ingredient · Patient group
Within-group comparison
Analysis coverage and paper counts
1 paper · 1 measured outcome
1 papers held from direction counts
Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.
FPG
The study needs further checking before its result can be interpreted.
Meta-analysis · Unknown intervention · Patient group
Between-group comparison
Analysis coverage and paper counts
1 paper · 1 measured outcome
1 papers held from direction counts
Review overlap with primary papers is unknown; counts stay separate.
Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.
glucose tolerance
The study needs further checking before its result can be interpreted.
Animal study · indirect · Ingredient combination · Patient group
This finding comes from animal or cell research. It does not establish the same effect in people.
Several ingredients were used together. This does not establish the effect of this ingredient alone or synergy.
The comparison could not be confirmed.
Analysis coverage and paper counts
1 paper · 1 measured outcome
1 papers held from direction counts
Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.
glucose tolerance
The study needs further checking before its result can be interpreted.
Animal study · indirect · Single ingredient · Patient group
This finding comes from animal or cell research. It does not establish the same effect in people.
The comparison could not be confirmed.
Analysis coverage and paper counts
1 paper · 1 measured outcome
1 papers held from direction counts
Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.
glycemic status
The study needs further checking before its result can be interpreted.
Animal study · indirect · Single ingredient · Patient group
This finding comes from animal or cell research. It does not establish the same effect in people.
The comparison could not be confirmed.
Analysis coverage and paper counts
1 paper · 1 measured outcome
1 papers held from direction counts
Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.
HbA(1)C values
The study needs further checking before its result can be interpreted.
Controlled study in people · Separable contribution · Patient group
Between-group comparison
Analysis coverage and paper counts
1 paper · 1 measured outcome
1 papers held from direction counts
Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.
HbA1c
The study needs further checking before its result can be interpreted.
Controlled study in people · Ingredient combination · Patient group
Several ingredients were used together. This does not establish the effect of this ingredient alone or synergy.
Between-group comparison
Analysis coverage and paper counts
1 paper · 1 measured outcome
1 papers held from direction counts
Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.
HOMA-IR
The study needs further checking before its result can be interpreted.
Animal study · indirect · Ingredient combination · General population
This finding comes from animal or cell research. It does not establish the same effect in people.
Several ingredients were used together. This does not establish the effect of this ingredient alone or synergy.
The comparison could not be confirmed.
Analysis coverage and paper counts
1 paper · 1 measured outcome
1 papers held from direction counts
Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.
insulin resistance
The study needs further checking before its result can be interpreted.
Animal study · indirect · Ingredient combination · Patient group
This finding comes from animal or cell research. It does not establish the same effect in people.
Several ingredients were used together. This does not establish the effect of this ingredient alone or synergy.
The comparison could not be confirmed.
Analysis coverage and paper counts
1 paper · 1 measured outcome
1 papers held from direction counts
Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.
insulin resistance
The study needs further checking before its result can be interpreted.
Controlled study in people · Ingredient combination · Patient group
Several ingredients were used together. This does not establish the effect of this ingredient alone or synergy.
Within-group comparison
Analysis coverage and paper counts
1 paper · 1 measured outcome
1 papers held from direction counts
Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.
Insulin Resistance
The study needs further checking before its result can be interpreted.
Review · Unknown intervention · Unspecified population
The comparison could not be confirmed.
Analysis coverage and paper counts
1 paper · 1 measured outcome
1 papers held from direction counts
Review overlap with primary papers is unknown; counts stay separate.
Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.
insulin sensitivity
The study needs further checking before its result can be interpreted.
Controlled study in people · Single ingredient · General population
Between-group comparison
Analysis coverage and paper counts
1 paper · 1 measured outcome
1 papers held from direction counts
Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.
phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase
The study needs further checking before its result can be interpreted.
Controlled study in people · Single ingredient · Patient group
Between-group comparison
Analysis coverage and paper counts
1 paper · 1 measured outcome
1 papers held from direction counts
Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.
total area under the curve for glucose
The study needs further checking before its result can be interpreted.
Controlled study in people · Ingredient combination · Patient group
Several ingredients were used together. This does not establish the effect of this ingredient alone or synergy.
Between-group comparison
Analysis coverage and paper counts
1 paper · 1 measured outcome
1 papers held from direction counts
Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.
Unspecified measured outcome
The study needs further checking before its result can be interpreted.
Controlled study in people · Ingredient combination · Unspecified population
Several ingredients were used together. This does not establish the effect of this ingredient alone or synergy.
Between-group comparison
Analysis coverage and paper counts
1 paper · 1 measured outcome
1 papers held from direction counts
Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.
Unspecified measured outcome
The study needs further checking before its result can be interpreted.
Controlled study in people · Separable contribution · Patient group
Between-group comparison
Analysis coverage and paper counts
1 paper · 1 measured outcome
1 papers held from direction counts
Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.
Unspecified measured outcome
The study needs further checking before its result can be interpreted.
Animal study · indirect · Single ingredient · Patient group
This finding comes from animal or cell research. It does not establish the same effect in people.
Between-group comparison
Analysis coverage and paper counts
1 paper · 1 measured outcome
1 papers held from direction counts
Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.
Unspecified measured outcome
The study needs further checking before its result can be interpreted.
Controlled study in people · Single ingredient · Patient group
Between-group comparison
Analysis coverage and paper counts
2 papers · 2 measured outcomes
2 papers held from direction counts
Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.
Unspecified measured outcome
The study needs further checking before its result can be interpreted.
Meta-analysis · Single ingredient · Patient group
The comparison could not be confirmed.
Analysis coverage and paper counts
1 paper · 1 measured outcome
1 papers held from direction counts
Review overlap with primary papers is unknown; counts stay separate.
Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.
Unspecified measured outcome
The study needs further checking before its result can be interpreted.
Other evidence · Single ingredient · Patient group
Between-group comparison
Analysis coverage and paper counts
1 paper · 1 measured outcome
1 papers held from direction counts
Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.
Unspecified measured outcome
The study needs further checking before its result can be interpreted.
Controlled human study · Unknown intervention · Unspecified population
The comparison could not be confirmed.
Analysis coverage and paper counts
4 papers · 4 measured outcomes
4 papers held from direction counts
Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.
Blood lipids
What the research found
dyslipidemia
A change was reported, but the comparison could not be confirmed.
Review · Single ingredient · Patient group
Analysis coverage and paper counts
1 paper · 1 measured outcome
Review overlap with primary papers is unknown; counts stay separate.
Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.
HDL levels
The study needs further checking before its result can be interpreted.
Animal study · indirect · Ingredient combination · Patient group
This finding comes from animal or cell research. It does not establish the same effect in people.
Several ingredients were used together. This does not establish the effect of this ingredient alone or synergy.
Between-group comparison
Analysis coverage and paper counts
1 paper · 1 measured outcome
1 papers held from direction counts
Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.
LDL level
The study needs further checking before its result can be interpreted.
Controlled study in people · Ingredient combination · Patient group
Several ingredients were used together. This does not establish the effect of this ingredient alone or synergy.
Between-group comparison
Analysis coverage and paper counts
1 paper · 1 measured outcome
1 papers held from direction counts
Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.
Lipid profile
The study needs further checking before its result can be interpreted.
Animal study · indirect · Single ingredient · Patient group
This finding comes from animal or cell research. It does not establish the same effect in people.
The comparison could not be confirmed.
Analysis coverage and paper counts
1 paper · 1 measured outcome
1 papers held from direction counts
Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.
Unspecified measured outcome
The study needs further checking before its result can be interpreted.
Controlled human study · Unknown intervention · Unspecified population
The comparison could not be confirmed.
Analysis coverage and paper counts
1 paper · 1 measured outcome
1 papers held from direction counts
Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.
Stress and mood
What the research found
mood symptoms
The study needs further checking before its result can be interpreted.
Other evidence · Separable contribution · Patient group
Between-group comparison
Analysis coverage and paper counts
1 paper · 1 measured outcome
1 papers held from direction counts
Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.
Unspecified measured outcome
The study needs further checking before its result can be interpreted.
Animal study · indirect · Single ingredient · Patient group
This finding comes from animal or cell research. It does not establish the same effect in people.
The comparison could not be confirmed.
Analysis coverage and paper counts
1 paper · 1 measured outcome
1 papers held from direction counts
Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.
Cardiovascular events
What the research found
time to 50% relaxation
The study needs further checking before its result can be interpreted.
Animal study · indirect · Ingredient combination · Patient group
This finding comes from animal or cell research. It does not establish the same effect in people.
Several ingredients were used together. This does not establish the effect of this ingredient alone or synergy.
The comparison could not be confirmed.
Analysis coverage and paper counts
1 paper · 1 measured outcome
1 papers held from direction counts
Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.
Cognition
What the research found
Attention and Working Memory
A change was reported, but the comparison could not be confirmed.
Controlled study in people · Ingredient combination · Unspecified population
Several ingredients were used together. This does not establish the effect of this ingredient alone or synergy.
Analysis coverage and paper counts
1 paper · 1 measured outcome
Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.
Exercise performance
What the research found
maximal strength
No clear difference in this measurement was found between the compared groups.
Controlled study in people · Unknown intervention · Unspecified population
Between-group comparison
Analysis coverage and paper counts
1 paper · 1 measured outcome
Direction counts are distinct papers within each row. Outcome contributions count endpoint results, so one paper may contribute more than once.
How to read research findings
How should I read research findings?
Research guidesNo clear difference and an uninterpretable result are different
A reported null comparison contains a result. An abstract without an interpretable comparison leaves a question unresolved.
Paper counts and study counts are different
Count original research separately from research that reanalyzes it. Publication volume is neither replication nor a quality rating.
Side effects and combination findings
Findings from this ingredient alone are shown separately from those involving another supplement or medication.
Caution findings
1
Findings from individual and combined use, plus reviewed cautions
Key precautions
No reviewed caution rules are available yet. Reported caution findings are shown below.
These findings were reported in studies. They do not predict an individual's experience.
Findings to review with care
Side effects reported for the ingredient alone are separated from findings involving another supplement or medication.
Side effects reported with this ingredient alone
Symptoms or adverse events reported in studies without another active ingredient.
DNA damage1 papers
In db/db mice, chromium‑picolinate at clinically relevant doses caused variable DNA damage and altered expression of SOD‑1 and P53, suggesting potential renal toxicity.Animal studies · Animal study