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Tier-CPublic-ready6/29/2026

Vitamin E

Glucose and metabolic health markers is closer to a research marker, so it should be read separately from a directly felt benefit.

The 27.5 score includes research signals from patient or disease contexts. General supplement evidence is not repeated enough, so the C tier remains conservative.

Representative tier calculated from paper evidence that passed the collection audit.

Papers analyzed
121
Caution signal
Low
Context-specific research signal
27.5
Glucose and metabolic health markersPain, headache, and migraineBlood-Level or Deficiency Marker

Main benefit evidence

The representative ingredient tier is calculated from these target-level evidence groups.

Glucose and metabolic health
4 studiesTier-C
Glucose and metabolic health markers
Some positive signal observedResearch marker focusPatient-group study

This card is closer to a measured biomarker or lab outcome than a directly felt user benefit. These findings come from a defined study population, so everyday effects may differ.

Evidence score
34.3
Study context
Patient-group study

This score reflects the strength of this benefit group. The ingredient tier also considers paper count, repetition, population, and study context.

Pain and headache
1 studiesTier-C
Pain, headache, and migraine
Some positive signal observedFelt benefit focusPatient-group study

Potential benefit studied in Pain and headache. These findings come from a defined study population, so everyday effects may differ.

Evidence score
16.4
Study context
Patient-group study

This score reflects the strength of this benefit group. The ingredient tier also considers paper count, repetition, population, and study context.

Nutrient status and deficiency
1 studiesTier-C
Blood-Level or Deficiency Marker
Some positive signal observedResearch marker focusPatient-group study

This is based on lab markers such as blood levels, deficiency correction, or absorption. Read it separately from directly felt outcomes.

Evidence score
16.3
Study context
Patient-group study

This score reflects the strength of this benefit group. The ingredient tier also considers paper count, repetition, population, and study context.

Recent research

Updated This Month10 new papers

Observed range in repeated studies

This range includes studies in specific patient groups. It is not a general dose or recommendation.

Lower observed study value
200
IU/day
Higher observed study value
1200
IU/day
Only ranges repeated in human, oral, single-ingredient studies are shown.
Not personal dosing instructions, recommendations, or safety limits.

Side effects and combination findings in studies

Findings from studies of this ingredient alone are separated from findings involving another supplement or medication.

Caution index
0.8
Caution band: Low
Caution signals
3
Side effects + combos + curated rules
Key precautions
No curated contraindication rule is available yet, but literature caution signals are shown below.
3 combo signals and 0 added-signal combos shown below.
These are signals reported in studies. They do not predict what will happen to an individual.

Findings to review with care

Side effects reported for the ingredient alone are separated from findings involving another supplement or medication.

Side effects reported when this ingredient was used alone

Symptoms or adverse events reported in studies of this ingredient without another active ingredient.

Adverse effect signal1 papers
A possible deleterious effect of increased arterial stiffness was observed in individuals with baseline haptoglobin concentration >119 mg/dl following Vitamin E supplementation.Human studies · Study type not identified

Caution signals when used with another supplement or medication

These studies reported a negative change, reduced absorption, or another caution when substances were used together. They do not predict an individual outcome.

pharmaceuticalsThe review covers influencing interactions between vitamin E and pharmaceuticals.
Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugsA case report described a patient who developed coagulopathy with marginally increased serum vitamin E levels while also taking NSAIDs, suggesting an increased bleeding risk when these are combined.

Positive combinations studied

Positive combination findings are separated by how the study compared the groups. This is not a recommendation to combine them.

Positive findings when used together

The combination had a positive result, but the contribution of each ingredient could not be separated.

비타민 CIn a triple-blind RCT of 60 women with endometriosis, a combination of Vitamin C (1000 mg/day) and Vitamin E (800 IU/day) for 8 weeks significantly reduced pelvic pain, dysmenorrhea, and dyspareunia compared to placebo (p < 0.001).
오메가-3Combined supplementation with omega-3 fatty acids, carotenoids, and 15 mg/day vitamin E for 24 months significantly reduced working memory errors in cognitively healthy older adults compared to placebo.
마그네슘Co-supplementation with magnesium oxide and vitamin E resulted in significant improvements in wound healing and metabolic parameters compared to placebo.

Evidence summaries

Paper IDs and full lists are private. Only study types and summaries are shown.

Key Evidence #1
Public scholarly dataCitation signal: 819
review

This review focuses on non-αT forms of vitamin E with respect to their metabolism, anti-inflammatory effects and mechanisms and in vivo efficacy in preclinical models as well as human clinical intervention studies.

Key Evidence #2
Public scholarly dataCitation signal: 651
review

An expanding body of evidence support that members of the vitamin E family are functionally unique, and title claims in manuscripts should be limited to the specific form of vitamin E studied.

Key Evidence #3
Public scholarly dataCitation signal: 464
observational

A pathway involving cytochrome P450-mediated omega-hydroxylation of the tocopherol phytyl side chain followed by stepwise removal of two- or three-carbon moieties, ultimately yielding the 3'-carboxychromanol metabolite that is excreted in urine is described.

3 more summariesLimited representative sample by study type.
>
Public scholarly dataCitation signal: 341
observational

Emerging evidence suggests that other forms of vitamin E, including other tocopherols as well as tocotrienols, may also have potent immunomodulatory functions.

Public scholarly dataCitation signal: 276
review

While both tocopherols exhibit anti-inflammatory activity in vitro and in vivo, supplementation with mixed (gammaT-enriched) tocopHerols seems to be more potent than supplementation with alphaT alone, which may explain the mostly negative outcomes of the recen

Public scholarly dataCitation signal: 258
observational

In this proof-of-concept study, combination therapy was better than placebo in improving liver histology in patients with NASH and T2DM and vitamin E alone did not significantly change the primary histological outcome.

Vitamin E
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