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Tier-CPublic-ready6/30/2026

Copper

Glucose and metabolic health markers is closer to a research marker, so it should be read separately from a directly felt benefit.

The 37.7 score includes research signals from patient or disease contexts. General supplement evidence is not repeated enough, so the C tier remains conservative.

Representative tier calculated from paper evidence that passed the collection audit.

Papers analyzed
51
Caution signal
Low
Context-specific research signal
37.7
Glucose and metabolic health markersHeart and cardiovascular outcomes

Main benefit evidence

The representative ingredient tier is calculated from these target-level evidence groups.

Glucose and metabolic health
2 studiesTier-C
Glucose and metabolic health markers
Fairly consistent positive signal in studiesResearch marker focusPatient-group study

This card is closer to a measured biomarker or lab outcome than a directly felt user benefit. These findings come from a defined study population, so everyday effects may differ.

Evidence score
48.7
Study context
Patient-group study

This score reflects the strength of this benefit group. The ingredient tier also considers paper count, repetition, population, and study context.

Cardiovascular outcomes
1 studiesTier-C
Heart and cardiovascular outcomes
Some positive signal observedFelt benefit focusPatient-group study

Potential benefit studied in Cardiovascular outcomes. These findings come from a defined study population, so everyday effects may differ.

Evidence score
44.0
Study context
Patient-group study

This score reflects the strength of this benefit group. The ingredient tier also considers paper count, repetition, population, and study context.

Recent research

Updated This Month10 new papers

Observed range in repeated studies

This range includes studies in specific patient groups. It is not a general dose or recommendation.

Lower observed study value
0.61
mg/day
Higher observed study value
8
mg/day
Only ranges repeated in human, oral, single-ingredient studies are shown.
Not personal dosing instructions, recommendations, or safety limits.

Side effects and combination findings in studies

Findings from studies of this ingredient alone are separated from findings involving another supplement or medication.

Caution index
0.8
Caution band: Low
Caution signals
3
Side effects + combos + curated rules
Key precautions
No curated contraindication rule is available yet, but literature caution signals are shown below.
These are signals reported in studies. They do not predict what will happen to an individual.

Findings to review with care

Side effects reported for the ingredient alone are separated from findings involving another supplement or medication.

Side effects reported when this ingredient was used alone

Symptoms or adverse events reported in studies of this ingredient without another active ingredient.

Oxidation resistance and parachrea1 papers
Excess dietary copper (162 mg/kg) caused adverse impacts on oxidation resistance and induced parachrea in the carapace and hemolymph of juvenile mud crabs.Animal studies · Study type not identified
Acute and chronic toxicity1 papers
Ingesting high levels of soluble copper salts can cause acute gastrointestinal symptoms and, in uncommon cases, liver toxicity in susceptible individuals with repeated exposure.Human studies · Systematic review

Caution signals when used with another supplement or medication

These studies reported a negative change, reduced absorption, or another caution when substances were used together. They do not predict an individual outcome.

아연Zinc supplementation reduced abnormally high plasma copper levels and Cu/Zn ratio in hemodialysis patients, suggesting a potential interaction where zinc lowers copper status.

Evidence summaries

Paper IDs and full lists are private. Only study types and summaries are shown.

Key Evidence #1
Public scholarly dataCitation signal: 418
observational

Limits in the existing United States and international guidance for determining an oral reference dose for essential metals like copper were identified and an alternative method using categorical regression analysis to develop an optimal dose was reviewed for

Key Evidence #2
Public scholarly dataCitation signal: 150
observational

The present estimated intake data can be used to examine a specific trace element of interest and would afford enhanced health protection from those trace elements characterized by both nutritional and toxicological effects.

Key Evidence #3
Public scholarly dataCitation signal: 145
observational

The results clarified blood oxidative stress profile in children with ASD, strengthening clinical evidence of increased oxidative stress implicating in pathogenesis of ASD and given the consistent and large effective size, glutathione metabolism biomarkers hav

3 more summariesLimited representative sample by study type.
>
Public scholarly dataCitation signal: 140
review

Evaluating underlying cellular mechanisms is evaluated to provide some insights regarding the utility of targeting Cu dyshomeostasis and cuproptosis as a novel strategy in the management of CVDs.

Public scholarly dataCitation signal: 123
observational

The results of this meta-analysis provided rigorous statistical support for the association of the serum levels of metals and the risk of AD, suggesting a positive relationship between the serum copper levels and AD risk, and a negative relationshipbetween the

Public scholarly dataCitation signal: 116
observational

Zn supplementation ameliorates abnormally high plasma Cu/Zn ratios and may reduce oxidative stress, improve inflammatory status, and maintain immune function in patients undergoing long-term HD.

Copper
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