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Tier-CPublic-ready6/29/2026

Biotin

Glucose and metabolic health markers is closer to a research marker, so it should be read separately from a directly felt benefit.

The 45.2 score includes research signals from patient or disease contexts. General supplement evidence is not repeated enough, so the C tier remains conservative.

Representative tier calculated from paper evidence that passed the collection audit.

Papers analyzed
88
Caution signal
Low
Context-specific research signal
45.2
Glucose and metabolic health markersCholesterol and triglyceridesSkin, hair, and nail support

Main benefit evidence

The representative ingredient tier is calculated from these target-level evidence groups.

Glucose and metabolic health
1 studiesTier-C
Glucose and metabolic health markers
Some positive signal observedResearch marker focusPatient-group study

This card is closer to a measured biomarker or lab outcome than a directly felt user benefit. These findings come from a defined study population, so everyday effects may differ.

Evidence score
44.0
Study context
Patient-group study

This score reflects the strength of this benefit group. The ingredient tier also considers paper count, repetition, population, and study context.

Blood lipids
1 studiesTier-C
Cholesterol and triglycerides
Some positive signal observedFelt benefit focusPatient-group study

Potential benefit studied in Blood lipids. These findings come from a defined study population, so everyday effects may differ.

Evidence score
44.0
Study context
Patient-group study

This score reflects the strength of this benefit group. The ingredient tier also considers paper count, repetition, population, and study context.

Skin, hair, and nails
1 studiesTier-C
Skin, hair, and nail support
Some positive signal observedFelt benefit focusPatient-group study

Potential benefit studied in Skin, hair, and nails. These findings come from a defined study population, so everyday effects may differ.

Evidence score
20.9
Study context
Patient-group study

This score reflects the strength of this benefit group. The ingredient tier also considers paper count, repetition, population, and study context.

Recent research

Updated This Month10 new papers

Observed range in repeated studies

This range includes studies in specific patient groups. It is not a general dose or recommendation.

Lower observed study value
5
mg/day
Higher observed study value
300
mg/day
Only ranges repeated in human, oral, single-ingredient studies are shown.
Not personal dosing instructions, recommendations, or safety limits.

Side effects and combination findings in studies

Findings from studies of this ingredient alone are separated from findings involving another supplement or medication.

Caution index
1.7
Caution band: Low
Caution signals
11
Side effects + combos + curated rules
Key precautions
No curated contraindication rule is available yet, but literature caution signals are shown below.
These are signals reported in studies. They do not predict what will happen to an individual.

Findings to review with care

Side effects reported for the ingredient alone are separated from findings involving another supplement or medication.

Side effects reported when this ingredient was used alone

Symptoms or adverse events reported in studies of this ingredient without another active ingredient.

Adverse effect signal1 papers
Overconsumption of biotin supplements (5–100 mg daily) is reported to cause significant interference in clinical immunoassays based on biotin–streptavidin interactions, leading to unpredictable and unquantifiable severe assay errors.Human studies · Study type not identified
Adverse effect signal1 papers
High-dose biotin supplements are reported to cause clinically significant errors in biotinylated immunoassay-based laboratory tests, producing positive and negative interference in competitive and noncompetitive immunoassays, respectively.Human studies · Study type not identified
Adverse effect signal1 papers
Biotin ingestion is reported to interfere with immunoassays, resulting in falsely decreased or increased test results for various analytes including troponin T, thyroid-stimulating hormone, and vitamin D.Human studies · Study type not identified
Adverse effect signal1 papers
High levels of supplemental biotin are reported to cause interference in immunoassays, leading to elevated or suppressed diagnostic test results.Human studies · Study type not identified
Adverse effect signal1 papers
High-dose biotin use is reported to interfere with commercial immunoassays employing biotin-streptavidin interactions, potentially causing positive or negative test results for troponin, Beta hCG, thyroid function, and tumor markers.Human studies · Study type not identified
Adverse effect signal1 papers
Biotin supplementation at high doses (100-fold of recommended daily intake) was reported to interfere with immunoassays, causing falsely high testosterone and cortisol results and falsely low TSH, ACTH, and prolactin results, leading to unnecessary medical referrals and diagnostic studies.Human studies · Study type not identified
Adverse effect signal1 papers
High-dose biotin supplements (up to 10 mg) are reported to cause false high results in the Roche Elecsys FT4 II competitive immunoassay and false low results in sandwich immunoassays due to interference with streptavidin-biotin binding.Human studies · Study type not identified
Adverse effect signal1 papers
High circulating levels of biotin from excessive supplement ingestion can interfere with many commercially available immunoassays that use the biotin-streptavidin interaction, potentially causing spurious biochemical results.Human studies · Study type not identified

Caution signals when used with another supplement or medication

These studies reported a negative change, reduced absorption, or another caution when substances were used together. They do not predict an individual outcome.

StreptavidinHigh-dose biotin intake causes falsely high or low results in immunoassays relying on streptavidin-biotin interaction, leading to misdiagnosis of severe hyperthyroidism.
Thyroid function tests (streptavidin/biotin based immunoassays)High-dose biotin intake was reported to cause falsely high or low results in streptavidin/biotin based immunoassays, leading to a misdiagnosis of severe hyperthyroidism in a patient with multiple sclerosis.
Thyroid function tests (TSH, thyroxine)Over-the-counter biotin use is reported to cause assay interference in thyroid function tests, leading to spuriously lowered TSH levels and erroneous thyroid diagnoses.

Evidence summaries

Paper IDs and full lists are private. Only study types and summaries are shown.

Key Evidence #1
Public scholarly dataCitation signal: 698
observational

A smaller promiscuous biotin ligase for proximity biotinylation called BioID2 enables more-selective targeting of fusion proteins, requires less biotin supplementation, exhibits enhanced labeling of proximate proteins, and demonstrates the use of a flexible li

Key Evidence #2
Public scholarly dataCitation signal: 265
observational

In a double-blind, placebo-controlled study, MD1003 achieves sustained reversal of MS-related disability in a subset of patients with progressive MS and is well tolerated.

Key Evidence #3
Public scholarly dataCitation signal: 128
observational

Four-week probiotic plus biotin supplementation, in inpatient individuals with a major depressive disorder diagnosis, showed an overall beneficial effect of clinical treatment, however, probiotic intervention compared to placebo only differed in microbial dive

3 more summariesLimited representative sample by study type.
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Public scholarly dataCitation signal: 116
observational

The mSA2 CAR is a universal AT-CAR that can be combined with biotinylated tumor-specific antibodies to potentially target many different tumor types.

Public scholarly dataCitation signal: 108
observational

Strategies combining biotin and prebiotic supplementation could help prevent the deterioration of metabolic states in severe obesity.

Public scholarly dataCitation signal: 101
observational

The role of biotin in activating carboxylases and proposed mechanisms associated with a role in gene expression and in ameliorating neurological disease are summarized.

Biotin
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